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T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Mouse Naïve CD4⁺ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

T Cell subsets for therapy-unconventional CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells.

Monika Holubová¹, Valentina Sofia Caputo Galarce², Miroslava Čedíková³

¹Laboratory of Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic.

Advances in Pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.)

|July 6, 2026

Summary

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells bridge innate and adaptive immunity. Harnessing iNKT cells offers promising next-generation cancer therapies with reduced toxicity and potential for allogeneic use.

Keywords:

Adoptive cell therapy CAR-iNKT therapy CD1d Immunomodulation Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT)Lipid antigens Tumor microenvironment Type II NKT cells Unconventional T cells

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Artificial Antigen Presenting Cell (aAPC) Mediated Activation and Expansion of Natural Killer T Cells

Artificial Antigen Presenting Cell (aAPC) Mediated Activation and Expansion of Natural Killer T Cells

Published on: December 29, 2012

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cellular Biology
Immunotherapy

Background:

Unconventional T cells like invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are crucial for host defense and immune regulation.
iNKT cells link innate and adaptive immunity by recognizing lipid antigens via CD1d molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of iNKT cell biology, function, and therapeutic potential.
To discuss the role of iNKT cells in various pathological conditions, including cancer, infectious diseases, and transplantation.
To summarize current and emerging clinical strategies for harnessing iNKT cells in immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

Review of iNKT cell development, heterogeneity, and activation mechanisms.
Detailed analysis of iNKT cell involvement in disease pathogenesis.
Summary of clinical approaches: in vivo activation, adoptive transfer, and CAR-engineered iNKT cells.

Main Results:

iNKT cells exhibit potent anti-tumor activity and immune-orchestrating capabilities.
iNKT cells play significant roles in immune regulation, tolerance, infectious diseases, and transplantation.
Emerging iNKT-based therapies show potential advantages over conventional CAR-T approaches.

Conclusions:

CD1d-restricted NKT cells represent a promising target for next-generation immunotherapies.
Harnessing iNKT cells offers novel therapeutic avenues for cancer and other diseases.
Further research is essential to fully realize the therapeutic potential of iNKT cells.