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Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature01:27

Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature

Atomization, converting samples into gas-phase atoms and ions, is essential for atomic spectroscopy. The flame temperature required for atomization affects the efficiency of the atomic spectroscopic methods by increasing the atomization efficiency and the relative population of the excited and ground states.
At thermal equilibrium, the relative populations of excited and ground state atoms can be estimated using the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. For example, an increase in temperature from...

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An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions
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Measuring temperature and observing graphitization of heavy-ion-heated diamond.

J Lütgert1, P Hesselbach2,3, A Bergermann4,5

  • 1Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, 18059, Rostock, Germany. julian.luetgert@uni-rostock.de.

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|July 6, 2026
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Summary

Heavy-ion beams were used to heat diamond, bridging rapid energy deposition and thermal methods. Researchers observed graphitization, indicating a transition to graphite under specific heating conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Physics
  • Plasma Physics

Background:

  • Graphitization of diamond is crucial for applications like nanodiamond synthesis and detector materials.
  • Diamond graphitization can be initiated by rapid energy deposition or thermal methods above 1800 K.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the intermediate regime of diamond graphitization using volumetric heating.
  • Explore graphitization mechanisms between rapid energy deposition and thermal transitions.

Main Methods:

  • Volumetric heating of monocrystalline diamond using a heavy-ion beam.
  • Probing the sample with X-ray radiation from a laser-driven titanium plasma.
  • Measuring bulk temperature via the ratio of elastic to inelastic X-ray scattering.

Main Results:

  • X-ray temperature measurements agreed with stopping power simulations up to ~2000 K.
  • Increased heating led to stronger elastic X-ray scattering than expected for heated diamond.
  • X-ray diffraction showed modified diamond peaks and altered optical properties, consistent with graphitization.

Conclusions:

  • The observed phenomena suggest a thermally induced transition to graphite.
  • Heavy-ion beam heating provides a method to study intermediate graphitization regimes.
  • This research offers insights into diamond's phase transitions under extreme conditions.