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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Guidelines for Writing Outcome01:11

Guidelines for Writing Outcome

When developing expected outcomes for a patient care plan, the nurse should adhere to the following recommendations:
Patient outcomes reflect the patient's response to the goal rather than what the nurse aims to achieve. Terminology should be observable and measurable to avoid the reader's interpretation. The desired outcome should be realistic and achievable in the designated care timeframe. Expected outcomes should align with adjunctive therapies. The outcome should enhance care evaluation by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
26:48

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Published on: July 4, 2007

A new Patient-Reported Outcome Scale to assess autoimmune Encephalitis: PROSE.

Juliette Brenner1, Yvette S Crijnen1, Ilse Kulderij1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Annals of Neurology
|July 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) can cause long-lasting effects, but generic scales miss key issues. The new Patient-Reported Outcome Scale for Encephalitis (PROSE) effectively measures patient-perceived disease severity and outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) leads to persistent sequelae not adequately captured by generic clinical assessments.
  • Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are crucial for assessing outcomes relevant to patients in clinical practice and trials.
  • There is a need for a disease-specific PROM to evaluate the long-term effects of encephalitis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a disease-specific patient-reported outcome scale for encephalitis, named PROSE.
  • To ensure the scale captures outcomes important to patients affected by AIE.
  • To create a tool for use in clinical settings and research studies involving encephalitis.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluated 235 existing PROM items for content validity and incorporated focus-group-derived items.
  • Administered a preliminary item pool to 166 patients with anti-NMDAR, anti-LGI1, or anti-CASPR2 encephalitis.
  • Utilized item, factor, and Rasch analyses to refine the item pool into the final PROSE scale.
  • Assessed test-retest reliability and convergent validity against established measures.

Main Results:

  • The final PROSE scale consists of 40 items, forming a unidimensional interval scale for patient-perceived disease severity.
  • PROSE demonstrated high reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.92, ICC = 0.93) and validity across different encephalitis subtypes.
  • The scale covers cognition, behavior, emotional and physical well-being, daily activities, and participation, showing responsiveness to change over time.

Conclusions:

  • PROSE is a psychometrically robust and disease-specific patient-reported outcome assessment tool for encephalitis.
  • The scale provides a reliable and valid measure of patient-perceived disease severity and impact.
  • PROSE is suitable for use in clinical practice and clinical trials to evaluate outcomes in encephalitis patients.