Regression-Based Normative Data for the Inhibitory Control Test (ICT) and the Switching Test (ST) of the HEllas...

The Stroop Color-Word Test and Trail Making Test are widely used neuropsychological measures of executive functioning, assessing cognitive control, attention, processing speed, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility. Although Greek normative data exist, most studies have focused on older adults and have relied on traditional age-stratified methods. Regression-based norms allow more precise demographic adjustment and interpretation across adulthood. This study aimed to develop regression-based normative data for two executive-function measures of the Hellas battery of Cognitive Control: the Inhibitory Control Test and the Switching Test. The sample included 265 cognitively healthy Greek adults, aged 20-79 years, stratified into three educational levels. Multiple linear regression analyses examined the effects of age and education on test performance and were used to derive demographically adjusted normative formulas. Age significantly predicted performance across all Inhibitory Control Test and Switching Test indices, with stronger effects for inhibition, interference, and switching conditions. Education significantly contributed to Color Naming, Word Reading, and Number-Letter Switching performance. The resulting norms provide demographically adjusted reference values for Greek adults and may support clinicians in identifying executive dysfunction, improving neuropsychological interpretation, and guiding assessment in neurological and psychiatric populations.