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Related Concept Videos

Transition State Theory01:25

Transition State Theory

Transition-state theory, also known as activated-complex theory, provides a molecular-level explanation of reaction rates in both gas-phase and solution-phase reactions. It extends earlier kinetic models by considering the formation of a short-lived, high-energy configuration during a reaction.The progress of a chemical reaction can be represented using a reaction profile, which plots potential energy against the reaction coordinate. As two reactant molecules approach one another, their...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Entropy02:39

Entropy

Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers energy to a nearby...
The Entropy as a State Function01:14

The Entropy as a State Function

Consider an arbitrary process that moves between two specific states (A and B) in a cyclic manner. This process is reversible and broken down into smaller parts that each follow a Carnot cycle. A Carnot cycle has two isothermal (constant temperature) processes. During these processes, the ratio of the amount of heat transferred to their respective temperature remains constant. The other two processes in the Carnot cycle are also reversible but adiabatic, which means they occur without any heat...

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Updated: Jul 8, 2026

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
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Entanglement Transition in Unitary System-Bath Dynamics.

Bo Xing1,2,3, Giuliano Chiriacò4,5, Paola Cappellaro1,6,7

  • 1Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|July 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers explored entanglement scaling in a unitary system coupled to baths. They discovered a transition from logarithmic to area-law scaling as system-bath coupling increased, a phenomenon hidden in averaged properties but visible in bath correlations.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Theory
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Statistical Mechanics

Background:

  • Master equations and quantum trajectories are standard for describing open quantum systems.
  • Entanglement scaling in system-bath interactions can exhibit transitions invisible in averaged properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate entanglement scaling transitions in a unitary system-bath evolution without trajectory unraveling.
  • To explore if a unitary evolution can reveal entanglement scaling phenomena missed by master equations.

Main Methods:

  • Studied a 2D lattice of free fermions, each site coupled to a fermionic bath.
  • Analyzed entanglement scaling using logarithmic fermionic negativity under varying system-bath coupling.
  • Examined mutual information and correlations in the full system-bath setup.

Main Results:

  • Observed a transition in entanglement scaling from logarithmic-law to area-law as system-bath coupling increased.
  • This transition was not apparent in the system's steady-state properties.
  • Signatures of the transition were found in bath-bath correlations and mutual information.

Conclusions:

  • A unitary evolution can reveal entanglement scaling transitions missed by trajectory-averaged methods.
  • The entanglement transition is linked to changes in bath-bath correlations and the spatial structure of quantum information.