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Quantum Semiconductor Heterostructures for meV Axion Dark Matter Detection.

Jaanita Mehrani^1,2, Tao Xu³, Andrey Baydin^2,4

¹Rice University, Applied Physics Graduate Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|July 7, 2026

Summary

We introduce Semiconductor-Quantum-Well Axion Radiometer Experiments (SQWAREs), a novel detector class for direct axion dark matter detection. These devices utilize quantum semiconductor heterostructures to enhance axion-photon conversion, probing the meV mass range.

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Area of Science:

* Particle Physics
* Astrophysics
* Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

* Dark matter constitutes a significant portion of the universe's mass-energy content.
* Axions are a well-motivated dark matter candidate, particularly in the meV mass range.
* Direct detection of axion dark matter remains a significant experimental challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

* To propose a novel strategy and a new class of detectors for the direct detection of axion dark matter.
* To explore the meV mass range for axion dark matter candidates.
* To utilize resonantly enhanced axion-photon conversion via the inverse Primakoff effect.

Main Methods:

* Development of Semiconductor-Quantum-Well Axion Radiometer Experiments (SQWAREs) using engineered radiometers.
* Implementation of magnetoplasmonic cavities with tunable epsilon-near-zero resonances in quantum semiconductor heterostructures.
* In situ optimization of resonance frequency and axion-induced current via cavity orientation in a magnetic field, followed by photodetector signal measurement.

Main Results:

* Demonstrated theoretical basis for resonant enhancement in SQWAREs.
* Detailed experimental design and validated through extensive simulations.
* Projected sensitivity of SQWAREs for realistic configurations, showing potential to probe the quantum chromodynamics axion parameter space.

Conclusions:

* SQWAREs offer a flexible and modular approach for direct axion dark matter detection.
* The proposed method can efficiently scan broad axion mass ranges without complex mechanical adjustments.
* SQWAREs have the potential to close a critical gap in direct dark matter searches within the meV mass range.