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Related Concept Videos

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview01:12

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview

The 1D NMR spectrum of large and complex molecules like natural products has complicated splitting patterns and overlapping signals, which can be easily interpreted using 2-dimensional (2D) NMR. Unlike 1D NMR, 2D NMR has two frequency axes that provide the coupling information between the nucleus A and nucleus B in a molecule. The process from which 2D spectra are obtained has four steps.
The first step is the preparation period, during which nucleus A is excited with a radiofrequency pulse.
2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques01:16

2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques

Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (COSY) is a powerful technique used in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study the correlations between nuclei of the same type within a molecule. It provides information about scalar couplings between adjacent nuclei, which helps determine connectivity and structural information. There are several COSY variants, each with its unique strengths and experimental parameters.
COSY90 is the standard two-dimensional (2D) COSY experiment that...
Applications Of NMR In Biology01:25

Applications Of NMR In Biology

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a very valuable analytical technique for researchers. It has been used for more than 50 years as an analytical tool. F. Bloch and E. Purcell formulated NMR in 1946 and won the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physics  for their work. Biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and organic molecules including pharmaceutical compounds, can be studied using this versatile tool that exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei.
The...
NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution00:52

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution

At room temperature, the chair conformer of cyclohexane undergoes rapid ring flipping between two equivalent chair conformers at a rate of approximately 105 times per second. These two chair conformers are in equilibrium. The rapid ring flipping results in the interconversion of the axial proton to an equatorial proton and an equatorial to the axial proton. Such interconversions are too rapid and cannot be detected on the NMR timescale. Hence, the NMR spectrometer cannot distinguish between the...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...

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Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Co-analysis of Brain Structure and Function using fMRI and Diffusion-weighted Imaging
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Spatially Resolved Diffusion NMR for Structurally Heterogeneous Materials.

Todor T Koev1, Haider Hussain1, Karina Gukhool1

  • 1School of Chemistry, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K.

Analytical Chemistry
|July 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spatially resolved pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG-NMR) reveals internal hydrogel structure. This noninvasive technique accurately maps depth-dependent diffusion, uncovering variations in network density and porosity in starch gels.

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

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Published on: November 8, 2012

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In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging
06:34

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: September 2, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Characterizing internal hydrogel architecture is crucial for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.
  • Noninvasive, spatially resolved analytical methods for hydrogels are limited.
  • Existing methods like conventional pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG-NMR) provide averaged data, masking internal heterogeneity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a robust analytical approach using spatially resolved PFG-NMR for quantifying depth-dependent small molecule probe diffusion in intact hydrogel systems.
  • To enable nondestructive profiling of internal hydrogel architecture.
  • To investigate structural heterogeneity in different hydrogel types.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized spatially resolved pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG-NMR) spectroscopy.
  • Introduced small molecular probes post-gelation via passive downward diffusion to avoid sample perturbation.
  • Applied the technique to high amylose maize starch, agarose, and calcium-triggered low-molecular-weight (LMWG) gels.
  • Corroborated findings in starch gels using scanning electron microscopy.

Main Results:

  • The spatially resolved PFG-NMR method successfully quantified depth-dependent self-diffusion of probes within intact hydrogels.
  • Vertical variations in network density and porosity were observed in high amylose maize starch gels.
  • Agarose and LMWG gels exhibited uniform internal structures.
  • Conventional nonselective PFG-NMR failed to detect the heterogeneity present in starch gels.

Conclusions:

  • Spatially resolved PFG-NMR provides a powerful, noninvasive tool for characterizing internal hydrogel architecture with depth resolution.
  • The methodology overcomes limitations of conventional NMR by revealing sample heterogeneity.
  • This technique offers significant utility for evaluating structurally complex biomaterials where spatial variations are functionally important.