The dual nature of alpha oscillations: Linking local rhythms to network function and dysfunction.

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Cognitive Science
• Brain Oscillations

Background:

• Alpha oscillations are fundamental to human brain function.
• Traditional views emphasized local inhibitory modulation.
• Emerging evidence highlights alpha rhythms' role in network communication.

Purpose of the Study:

• To integrate local and network perspectives on alpha rhythm function.
• To propose a framework where alpha rhythms regulate local excitability and network phase alignment.
• To review lifespan and clinical changes in alpha dynamics and their implications.

Main Methods:

• Literature review integrating local and network models of alpha oscillations.
• Summarization of lifespan and clinical changes in alpha power, frequency, and connectivity.
• Analysis of coherence and travelling waves as markers of network coordination.

Main Results:

• Alpha rhythms coordinate local excitability timing and network phase alignment for efficient information transmission.
• Changes in alpha power, frequency, and connectivity reflect both local generator integrity and large-scale network interactions.
• Coherence and travelling waves link local and network levels, indicating coordinated cortical excitability.

Conclusions:

• Altered alpha dynamics are sensitive indicators of dysfunction in aging, neurodegeneration, and brain injury.
• Therapeutic strategies targeting network coordination (e.g., coherence-based modulation) may be more effective than solely modulating alpha power.
• Neurofeedback enhancing coherence shows promise for restoring impaired brain communication and improving behavior.