Retinoid dynamics in immune cells during age-related diseases
Yunge Wang1, Atikah Tsabita Muslihah2, Mengwei Fu3
1State Key Laboratory of Genome and Multi-omics Technologies, BGI Research, Hangzhou, Key Laboratory of Spatial Omics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310030, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Retinoids comprise vitamin A and its structurally related natural and synthetic derivatives. Retinoid dynamics involves multiple retinoid forms, carrier proteins, and enzymes that orchestrate the absorption, transport, storage and biotransformation of dietary vitamin A. Beyond their canonical metabolic functions, metabolites and proteins involved in retinoid metabolism also play distinct roles in signal transduction and transcriptome reprogramming, broadening the mechanisms that influence immune cell fate decisions. Age‑related changes in retinoid bioavailability and signaling intensity alter immune cell polarization and function, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, osteoarthritis, and other age-related diseases. In this review, we focus on age-related alterations in the retinoid metabolic pathway and their impact on inflammation and the progression of age-related diseases. This review highlights the pivotal role of retinoid metabolism in anti-ageing interventions and considers future directions and challenges in this field.
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