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Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
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Etiology
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols

Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols

Published on: May 20, 2016

Multifunctional xylitol-HA hydrogel for chronic rhinosinusitis management.

Jibin Huang¹, Jiayan Wang¹, Wei Wang¹

¹Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ningbo Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Ningbo, 315012, China; Ningbo Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo, 315012, China.

American Journal of Otolaryngology

|July 7, 2026

Summary

A novel xylitol-based hydrogel effectively treats chronic rhinosinusitis recurrence by enhancing drug delivery and reducing inflammation and biofilms. This natural hydrogel offers prolonged mucosal retention for better postoperative care.

Keywords:

Antibacterial properties Biocompatibility Biofilm Chronic rhinosinusitis Hyaluronic acid hydrogel Xylitol

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols

Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols

Published on: May 20, 2016

Area of Science:

Biomaterials science
Drug delivery systems
Otorhinolaryngology

Background:

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) frequently recurs post-surgery due to persistent biofilms and inflammation.
Current therapies for CRS suffer from poor mucosal retention and limited penetration into biofilms.
Novel drug delivery systems are needed to improve treatment efficacy for recurrent CRS.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and evaluate a natural hydrogel formulation for enhanced drug delivery and antibiofilm efficacy in CRS.
To combine xylitol and hyaluronic acid (HA) to create a mucoadhesive hydrogel with improved therapeutic properties.
To assess the anti-inflammatory and antibiofilm potential of the xylitol-HA hydrogel, with or without mometasone furoate (MF).

Main Methods:

Formulation of a xylitol-HA hydrogel with and without mometasone furoate (MF).
Evaluation of mucoadhesion in mice, biocompatibility, and anti-inflammatory effects in human nasal epithelial cells (HNEpCs).
Assessment of antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, including virulence gene expression analysis.

Main Results:

The xylitol-HA hydrogel demonstrated prolonged nasal retention (up to 12 hours) and enhanced mucoadhesion with MF.
The formulation exhibited biocompatibility, reduced key inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α), and partially restored ciliary function (FOXJ1 expression).
MF-containing hydrogel showed synergistic bactericidal effects, reduced pre-formed biofilms, and downregulated bacterial virulence and adhesion genes.

Conclusions:

A xylitol-based hydrogel incorporating MF offers prolonged mucosal retention and potent anti-inflammatory and antibiofilm activities.
This formulation targets bacterial virulence, presenting a promising strategy for managing postoperative chronic rhinosinusitis.
The developed hydrogel system enhances drug delivery for improved CRS treatment outcomes.