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Related Concept Videos

Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
An Overview of the Endocrine System01:10

An Overview of the Endocrine System

The endocrine system, a complex network of glands, orchestrates physiological balance within the body through the production and secretion of hormones. These hormones are chemical messengers in intercellular communication, acting as conduits between the secretory cells and distant target sites. They traverse the circulatory system by being released into the extracellular fluid, and their impact is specific to cells possessing receptors for a particular hormone.
The endocrine system collaborates...
Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral stimuli,...
Chemical Signaling in the Endocrine System01:08

Chemical Signaling in the Endocrine System

A signaling cascade is a series of events that facilitates the transmission of information within or between cells, culminating in a targeted response in the recipient cell. As chemical messengers, hormones are pivotal in initiating and modulating these intricate signaling cascades based on their solubility.
Lipid-soluble hormones, such as steroid hormones, demonstrate an intracellular action. These hormones traverse cell membranes due to their lipid nature. Once inside the target cell, they...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Thermal Stress01:09

Thermal Stress

If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
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In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Interplay between thermal contact and hormonal activity: A kinetic analysis on smartphone-induced endocrine

Sunday Amos Onikanni1, Nguyen Thi Ai Nhung2, Omolola Esther Amos3

  • 1Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Experimental-LEEx, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Chemical Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, Afe-Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State 36001, Nigeria.

The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
|July 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Smartphone heat creates thermal microenvironments that may impact endocrine systems. This review proposes a model where heat accelerates chemical transfer and alters biological responses, suggesting a new approach to endocrine risk assessment.

Keywords:
KineticsMicrodosingMicroenvironmentsPermeabilityPharmacokinetic

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Screening for Endocrine Activity in Water Using Commercially-available In Vitro Transactivation Bioassays
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Screening for Endocrine Activity in Water Using Commercially-available In Vitro Transactivation Bioassays

Published on: December 4, 2016

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
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Published on: October 6, 2023

Screening for Endocrine Activity in Water Using Commercially-available In Vitro Transactivation Bioassays
08:00

Screening for Endocrine Activity in Water Using Commercially-available In Vitro Transactivation Bioassays

Published on: December 4, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Endocrine Toxicology
  • Thermal Biology
  • Consumer Product Safety

Background:

  • Endocrine toxicology research has not fully addressed thermal microenvironments created by devices like smartphones.
  • Near-continuous human-thermal interaction with smartphones is a prevalent phenomenon.
  • Existing risk assessments may not account for thermal influences on chemical exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a mechanistic model of the thermokinetic endocrine interface.
  • To explain how smartphone-generated heat can affect endocrine-relevant systems.
  • To introduce a novel perspective on chemical interactions with consumer devices.

Main Methods:

  • Review of materials science, dermal pharmacology, and endocrine signaling evidence.
  • Development of a mechanistic model for thermokinetic endocrine interactions.
  • Proposal of new methodologies including temperature-integrated physiologically based pharmacokinetic models and warm-exposure endocrine assays.

Main Results:

  • Localized thermal pulses from smartphones can accelerate additive migration and chemical transfer to the skin.
  • Gentle heating alters skin permeability, tissue distribution, and receptor-ligand interactions.
  • Smartphone heat may act as a kinetic amplifier, influencing internal microdosing and signaling responsiveness.

Conclusions:

  • Smartphone heat can modify chemical transfer and biological responses, impacting endocrine signaling.
  • Risk evaluation should shift from static exposure to dynamic internal dose profiles and thermal configurations.
  • Incorporating thermal biology is crucial for discovering new pathways of hormonal disruption from everyday devices.