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Related Concept Videos

Streptococcal Pharyngitis01:27

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Streptococcal pharyngitis, commonly known as “strep throat,” is an acute infection of the oropharyngeal tissues caused by the Gram‑positive Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes). Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, or talking.Mechanisms of Host Entry and Immune EvasionUpon entering the host, S. pyogenes adheres to the mucosal epithelial cells of the pharynx via surface proteins, notably lipoteichoic acid and the antiphagocytic...
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Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
Bacterial Meningitis01:24

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...
Staphylococcal Skin Infections01:29

Staphylococcal Skin Infections

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...
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Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Knee Arthrocentesis in Adults
04:41

Knee Arthrocentesis in Adults

Published on: February 25, 2022

Streptococcus agalactiae bone and joint infection: a multicentre observational study 2014-23.

Simon Jamard1, Mathilde Jan2, Gwenael LE Moal3

  • 1Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHRU de Tours, 37044 Tours, France; Université de Tours, INRAe UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, BRMF, Tours, France; ESCMID Study Group for Biofilm, ESGB, Switzerland.

The Journal of Infection
|July 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Streptococcus agalactiae is a key cause of bone and joint infections (BJIs), distinct from other streptococci. Arteriopathy and obesity are identified as specific risk factors for these chronic S. agalactiae BJIs.

Keywords:
Bone and Joint infectionsPeri-prosthetic Joint infectionsStreptococcusStreptococcus agalactiae

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Knee Arthrocentesis in Adults
04:41

Knee Arthrocentesis in Adults

Published on: February 25, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Streptococcus is the second most common bacterial genus causing bone and joint infections (BJIs).
  • Streptococcus agalactiae is the predominant Streptococcus species implicated in BJIs, yet epidemiological data is scarce.
  • This study aimed to delineate the distinct features of S. agalactiae BJIs compared to other streptococcal BJIs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Streptococcus agalactiae BJIs.
  • To identify specific risk factors associated with S. agalactiae BJIs.
  • To compare S. agalactiae BJIs with those caused by other Streptococcus species.

Main Methods:

  • A multicentre retrospective observational study of adult patients with microbiologically confirmed streptococcal BJIs (2014-2023).
  • Comparison of S. agalactiae BJIs with other streptococcal BJIs to identify risk factors.
  • Characterization of 143 S. agalactiae strains using CRISPR1 typing.

Main Results:

  • Streptococcus agalactiae accounted for 29% of streptococcal BJIs (423/1454 patients).
  • Obesity and diabetes mellitus were the most prevalent comorbidities.
  • S. agalactiae BJIs were significantly associated with diabetic foot osteitis, lower-limb infections, and chronic infections.
  • Arteriopathy (OR: 4.16) and obesity (OR: 2.57) were identified as specific risk factors.
  • Three main clonal complexes (CC1, CC23, CC10) were identified in S. agalactiae BJI strains.

Conclusions:

  • Streptococcus agalactiae is a prominent and distinct pathogen in complex BJIs.
  • Specific risk factors for S. agalactiae BJIs include arteriopathy and obesity.
  • S. agalactiae BJIs tend to be more chronic compared to other streptococcal BJIs.