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Two-Photon Polymerization 3D-Printing of Micro-scale Neuronal Cell Culture Devices
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A nonlinear viscoelastic 3D bellows microspring fabricated with two-photon polymerization.

Harris J Hall1, Tyler Grunzke2, Samuel Campbell3

  • 1Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 45433, OH, Dayton, US. Harris.Hall.3@us.af.mil.

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Two-photon polymerization (TPP) 3D printing of microscale springs shows nonlinear stiffness and creep. Material aging significantly alters spring behavior over time, highlighting the need for nonlinear material property research.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Mechanical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Two-photon polymerization (TPP) 3D printing is widely used for micro/nanoscale structures.
  • Practical challenges like nonlinear behavior and material aging hinder device maturation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanical properties of TPP-fabricated microscale springs.
  • To analyze the effects of aging on spring performance.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of cylindrical microscale bellows springs (100 μm diameter) using TPP 3D printing.
  • Compression testing to evaluate stiffness profiles.
  • Long-term (9-10 months) open-air exposure to assess aging effects.
  • Creep and cyclic loading tests to analyze viscoelastic behavior.

Main Results:

  • Springs exhibited nonlinear stiffness with distinct linear and nonlinear regions.
  • Significant changes in stiffness were observed after 9-10 months of air exposure.
  • Consistent creep response (-143 nN/nm) observed under constant loads, increasing with load and decreasing with dwell time.
  • Viscoelastic behavior and increasing loss angle with frequency were evident under cyclic loading.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals significant nonlinearities and aging effects in TPP-fabricated microsprings.
  • These findings underscore the importance of considering nonlinear material properties in TPP resist development.
  • Further research into material aging and nonlinear behavior is crucial for advancing TPP applications.