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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Calvarial Model of Bone Augmentation in Rabbit for Assessment of Bone Growth and Neovascularization in Bone Substitution Materials
08:41

Calvarial Model of Bone Augmentation in Rabbit for Assessment of Bone Growth and Neovascularization in Bone Substitution Materials

Published on: August 13, 2019

Large-Pore 3D-Printed PLA/HA/CDHA Gyroid Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration: Effect of Unit-Cell Period in a Rabbit

Milda Vitosyte1, Egidijus Simoliunas2, Milda Alksne2

  • 1Institute of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part B, Applied Biomaterials
|July 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

3D-printed scaffolds show potential for bone regeneration in rabbit calvarial defects, promoting bone formation and vascularization. Further studies are needed to optimize these composite scaffolds for craniofacial applications.

Keywords:
3D‐printed scaffoldbiomaterialsbone regenerationcalvarial defectguided bone regenerationhydroxyapatitevascularization

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Published on: October 31, 2012

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

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Published on: October 31, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Skeletal Biology

Background:

  • Critical-size bone defects pose significant challenges in craniofacial reconstruction.
  • 3D-printed scaffolds offer tailored architectures for bone tissue engineering.
  • Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/hydroxyapatite (HA)/calcium diphosphate dihydrate (CDHA) composites are promising for bone regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate late-stage bone regeneration in rabbit calvarial critical-size defects.
  • To compare the efficacy of 3D-printed PLA/HA/CDHA gyroid scaffolds with different unit-cell periods (0.9 mm and 1.2 mm) against empty defects.
  • To assess the impact of scaffold architecture on bone formation, vascularization, and healing patterns.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized exploratory within-animal preclinical study was conducted in New Zealand White rabbits.
  • Twelve calvarial defects were created and allocated to 0.9-mm scaffolds (n=5), 1.2-mm scaffolds (n=4), or empty controls (n=3).
  • Healing was assessed at 12 weeks using micro-computed tomography and histomorphometry.

Main Results:

  • No statistically significant difference in regenerated bone volume was detected between groups, though scaffold groups showed descriptively higher new bone area (0.9 mm: 2.30±1.16 mm², 1.2 mm: 2.43±1.15 mm²) compared to controls (1.17±1.10 mm²).
  • Both scaffold designs supported bone formation and showed descriptively thicker peripheral bone rims than controls.
  • Vascularized surface area was descriptively higher in scaffold-treated defects, particularly in the 1.2-mm group, with a scaffold-associated bottom-to-top bone advancement pattern observed.

Conclusions:

  • 3D-printed PLA/HA/CDHA gyroid scaffolds support bone formation and vascularization in rabbit calvarial defects.
  • While no significant difference in bone volume was found between scaffold architectures, equivalence cannot be inferred due to sample size limitations.
  • Further longitudinal studies are necessary to optimize architected composite scaffolds for craniofacial bone regeneration and dental augmentation.