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The Second Stage of Labor Questionnaire (SOL-Q): Development and Psychometric Testing
Cecilia Häggsgård1,2, Karin Ängeby3,4
1Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
Birth (Berkeley, Calif.)
|July 8, 2026
Summary
A new questionnaire, the Second Stage of Labor Questionnaire (SOL-Q), effectively measures women's experiences during childbirth. It assesses coping, decision-making, pain, and safety, aiding in evaluating maternal satisfaction.
Area of Science:
- Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Maternal Health
- Psychological Well-being
Background:
- The second stage of labor significantly impacts maternal physical and psychological health.
- Existing tools lack comprehensive assessment of women's experiences during this critical childbirth phase.
Purpose of the Study:
- To validate a questionnaire assessing women's experiences during the second stage of labor.
- Focus on first-time vaginal births.
Main Methods:
- Developed a study-specific questionnaire within a multicenter trial.
- Administered to 2831 women, with 2221 (78.1%) responding.
- Utilized exploratory factor analysis and known-groups validity.
Main Results:
- Factor analysis identified four dimensions: Coping and empowerment, Decision making, Pain perception, and Safety and vulnerability.
- The questionnaire demonstrated good reliability (0.68-0.81) and explained 60% of the variance.
- Lower scores were associated with fear of childbirth, oxytocin use, and prolonged second stage (>3h).
Conclusions:
- The Second Stage of Labor Questionnaire (SOL-Q) reliably measures key dimensions of the childbirth experience.
- SOL-Q can be utilized to assess maternal satisfaction during the second stage of labor.
- Findings highlight factors influencing women's experiences, informing clinical practice.
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