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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...

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Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice
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Galectin-9 Modulates Autoimmunity: Roles in Tissue Inflammation and Organ Involvement.

Fangyu Liu1,2, Xuanyi Zhou1, Jing Luo2

  • 1Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.

Wires Mechanisms of Disease
|July 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Galectin-9 (Gal9) modulates immune responses and inflammation in autoimmune diseases. This review explores Gal9

Keywords:
Galectin‐9autoimmune diseaseglycosylationimmunometabolism

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice
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Published on: January 31, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Immunology and Molecular Biology
  • Autoimmune Disease Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Galectin-9 (Gal9) is an animal lectin implicated in immunoregulatory functions.
  • Elevated Gal9 levels correlate with disease activity in systemic autoimmune conditions.
  • Gal9 influences inflammation, T cell responses, apoptosis, and autophagy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse roles and mechanisms of Gal9 in autoimmune diseases.
  • To highlight Gal9's impact on inflammation and organ-specific damage.
  • To discuss current therapeutic limitations and clinical translation challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing existing research on Gal9 in autoimmune diseases.
  • Analysis of Gal9's intracellular and extracellular functions.
  • Examination of Gal9's role in immune cell interactions and polarization.

Main Results:

  • Gal9 acts as a key modulator of inflammation and T cell-mediated immunity.
  • Intracellularly, Gal9 impacts metabolic pathways and glycosyltransferases.
  • Extracellularly, Gal9 binds immune cell receptors, influencing cell-cell interactions and immune polarization.

Conclusions:

  • Gal9 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, affecting tissue inflammation and organ damage.
  • Understanding Gal9's mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted therapies.
  • Significant challenges remain in translating these findings into effective clinical treatments.