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Case Studies

Case Studies

There are many research methods available to psychologists in their efforts to understand, describe, and explain behavior and the cognitive and biological processes that underlie it.

Robbers Cave

Robbers Cave

During the 1950s, the landmark Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that when groups must compete with one another, intergroup conflict, hostility, and even violence may result. At the Oklahoman summer camp, two troops of boys—termed the Rattlers and the Eagles—took part in a week-long tournament. During this time, their negativity culminated in derogatory name-calling, fistfights, and even vandalism and destruction of property. However, this work also revealed that such tension could be...

Purposive Learning

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...

Locus of Control

Locus of Control

Locus of control describes how individuals perceive the causes of events in their lives, influencing motivation and well-being. Introduced by Julian Rotter in 1954, it is categorized into internal and external locus of control.Internal Locus of ControlIndividuals with an internal locus of control believe their actions determine outcomes, fostering responsibility, self-efficacy, and motivation. For example, an employee may attribute career success to hard work. Research links this mindset to...

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...

The Stanford Prison Experiment

The Stanford Prison Experiment

The famous and controversial Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted by social psychologist Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues at Stanford University, demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Improving Student Outcomes with an Adaptable Molecular Cloning Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience

Improving Student Outcomes with an Adaptable Molecular Cloning Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience

Published on: November 15, 2024

The Special Sauce: Lessons in Leadership Development from the Sojourns Scholar Leadership Program.

Steven Z Pantilat¹, Barbara L Jones², Patricia M Davidson³

¹Division of Palliative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

Journal of Palliative Medicine

|July 8, 2026

Summary

The Sojourns Scholar Leadership Program successfully nurtured palliative care leaders. Key elements for future leadership development include recruiting talent, strong mentorship, and fostering a supportive community.

Keywords:

leadership leadership development mentorship palliative care

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Improving Student Outcomes with an Adaptable Molecular Cloning Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience

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Published on: November 15, 2024

Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

Area of Science:

Health Services Research
Medical Education
Leadership Development

Background:

Palliative care faces challenges in healthcare delivery.
A need exists for visionary leaders in palliative care.
The Cambia Health Foundation initiated a leadership program in 2014.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify key success factors of the Sojourns Scholar Leadership Program.
To provide guidance for future palliative care leadership initiatives.
To share lessons learned from a decade of leadership development.

Main Methods:

The study reflects on the outcomes of the Sojourns Scholar Leadership Program.
Advisory board members identified critical program components.
The program involved 108 scholars across 10 cohorts and various disciplines.

Main Results:

Successful leadership development requires recruiting high-caliber individuals.
Effective program leadership and mentorship are crucial.
Creating and sustaining a supportive, engaged community enhances program impact.

Conclusions:

The Sojourns Scholar Leadership Program successfully cultivated a new generation of palliative care leaders.
The identified "secret sauce" elements are vital for future leadership development programs.
Investing in leadership development is essential for advancing palliative care and improving serious illness care.