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Return to Play, Performance, and Career Longevity After Shoulder Labral Repair in the National Football League: A
Morgan R Dillon1, Michael A Mastroianni2, Nicholas Frappa1
1Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York, USA.
Background:
Shoulder instability and labral pathology are common in National Football League (NFL) players, yet contemporary return-to-play (RTP), return-to-performance (RTPf), and postreturn career longevity outcomes after surgical labral repair are incompletely characterized.
Purpose:
To (1) describe RTP timing and rates after surgical labral repair, (2) quantify season-to-season changes in usage and performance versus matched controls, and (3) evaluate post-RTP career longevity.
Study Design:
Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.
Methods:
Using publicly available NFL data (2015-2024), 111 labral repair episodes were identified and indexed to surgery date. RTP was defined as the first in-game snap after surgery, with rates summarized at 2, 6, 12 and 24 months and overall (ever RTP). For RTPf, episodes required ≥100 snaps in both a preindex season (T1) and a first post-RTP season (M1); 60 cases met criteria and were matched 1:2 to 120 controls by season and position group, with additional matching on age and T1 snap rate. Changes from T1→M1 (and T1→M2 when available) were compared between groups. Outcomes included usage (games, total snaps, snaps/game) and Pro Football Focus (PFF) season grades. Career longevity post-RTP was assessed using Kaplan-Meier and stratified Cox models.
Results:
Among 111 episodes, defensive backs (25.2%) and offensive linemen (21.6%) were the most common position groups. Overall, 86.5% returned at a median 265 days (IQR, 234-316); 3.6% returned within 6 months, 73.9% within 1 year, and 84.7% within 2 years. In the matched RTPf cohort (60 cases; 120 controls), usage changes from T1→M1 did not differ (all P > .05). Offensive PFF grade trended lower versus controls (Δdiff -3.78; P = .09), while defensive PFF grade declined significantly more (Δdiff -7.13; P = .01). In the M2 subset (34 cases; 68 controls), usage and offensive PFF remained nonsignificant, whereas defensive PFF remained significantly lower (Δdiff -10.12; P = .02). Career longevity did not differ between cases and controls by log-rank or stratified Cox analyses (all P > .05).
Conclusion:
NFL players undergoing isolated labral repair demonstrated high RTP rates with preserved postreturn workload and career longevity versus matched controls. However, defensive players showed a sustained reduction in performance grades through 2 postreturn seasons, suggesting that RTP may not uniformly translate to RTPf and may vary by position.