Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Intracranial Pressure Monitoring In Nontraumatic Intraventricular Hemorrhage Rodent Model
Published on: February 8, 2022
Early Cardiac Workload and Long-Term Prognosis After Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Insights from a Large Multicenter
Chuanying Wang1,2, Yunyi Hao1,2,3, Zeqiang Ji1,2
1Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100070 Beijing, China.
Background:
Acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) often induces a hyperadrenergic response, resulting in a significantly increased cardiac workload. This study aimed to assess the relationship between early cardiac workload and long-term outcomes following ICH, utilizing the rate-pressure product (RPP) as a simple surrogate indicator.
Methods:
We conducted an analysis of data from a large multicenter, prospective cohort comprising 1364 ICH patients. Heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were recorded to calculate the RPP. Multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the associations of RPP with unfavorable functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score >3) and all-cause mortality at 90 days and 1 year, respectively.
Results:
Elevated RPP was independently associated with unfavorable functional outcomes and all-cause mortality at 90 days and 1 year (all p < 0.05). RPP exhibited superior predictive performance, as indicated by higher C-statistics for all outcomes when compared to HR or SBP alone (all p < 0.05). A significant interaction was noted with in-hospital β-blocker treatment (p for interaction < 0.05), indicating that the association between high RPP and primary outcomes was attenuated in patients receiving β-blockers.
Conclusions:
Early cardiac workload, quantified by the RPP, is a potent independent predictor of long-term unfavorable functional outcome and all-cause mortality in patients with ICH.
Related Concept Videos
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology
Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy