Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

A Large Animal Model for Acute Kidney Injury by Temporary Bilateral Renal Artery Occlusion
09:02

A Large Animal Model for Acute Kidney Injury by Temporary Bilateral Renal Artery Occlusion

Published on: February 2, 2021

Renal Angina Index as a Predictor of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Children: A Prospective Observational

Umesh Pandwar1, Nitesh Upadhyay1, Sumit Saad1

  • 1Paediatrics, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, IND.

Cureus
|July 8, 2026
PubMed

Insights

The Renal Angina Index (RAI) effectively predicts acute kidney injury (AKI) in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients. Early RAI assessment aids in risk stratification and timely intervention for critically ill children.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Nephrology
  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Biomarker Research

Background:

  • Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a significant concern in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs).
  • Early identification of patients at risk for AKI is crucial for improving outcomes.
  • The Renal Angina Index (RAI) is a novel tool proposed for AKI prediction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of the Renal Angina Index (RAI) in predicting AKI in pediatric ICU patients.
  • To assess the correlation between RAI calculated 24 hours post-admission and the development of AKI.
  • To determine the prognostic value of RAI for risk stratification in critically ill children.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective observational study including 300 PICU patients aged one month to 13 years.
  • RAI calculated 24 hours post-admission.
  • Statistical analysis using SPSS, including correlation and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

Main Results:

  • AKI occurred in 5% of patients; mortality significantly increased with higher RAI categories (p < 0.001).
  • RAI at 24 hours showed excellent discriminatory ability (AUC = 0.87).
  • RAI threshold ≥ 8 demonstrated high sensitivity (81.8%) and specificity (97.2%) for AKI prediction, with strong associations with vasopressor use, PRISM, and KDIGO-documented AKI (all p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

  • The Renal Angina Index (RAI) is a valuable tool for predicting AKI in critically ill pediatric patients.
  • Early RAI assessment (24 hours post-admission) provides crucial prognostic information.
  • RAI facilitates early intervention and improved risk stratification for pediatric AKI.

Keywords:
acute kidney injurykdigokidneypediatric intensive carerenal angina index

Related Concept Videos

Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention01:30

Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention

Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction01:22

Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction

Introduction:Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) describes a swift decrease in kidney function occurring over hours to days, characterized by the kidneys' failure to remove waste products from the bloodstream. This leads to dangerous complications like metabolic acidosis, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalances, such as hyperkalemia, which can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. AKI is common in both hospital and outpatient settings, often triggered by dehydration, sepsis, or exposure to nephrotoxic...
Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology01:29

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...
Acute Kidney Injury III: Clinical Manifestations01:29

Acute Kidney Injury III: Clinical Manifestations

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) progresses through distinct clinical phases: the oliguric, diuretic, and recovery phases, each marked by unique manifestations and challenges.Oliguric Phase:The oliguric phase is the initial stage of AKI, typically lasting 10 to 14 days. This phase is marked by a significant reduction in urine output, usually less than 400 mL per day, indicating decreased kidney function. Fluid retention is a prominent feature, leading to symptoms such as edema, hypertension, and...
Acute Kidney Injury V: Interprofessional Care01:20

Acute Kidney Injury V: Interprofessional Care

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) requires a collaborative healthcare approach to restore renal function and prevent complications. Essential management strategies involve monitoring fluid and electrolyte balance, adjusting medications, initiating dialysis when necessary, and providing nutritional support.Fluid and Electrolyte ManagementFluid Monitoring: Regularly monitoring body weight, central venous pressure, and urine output helps detect fluid imbalances early. Patient intake and output are...
Acute Kidney Injury VI: Nursing Management01:22

Acute Kidney Injury VI: Nursing Management

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) results in an inability to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. Effective nursing management is critical in improving patient outcomes and includes comprehensive patient assessment and targeted interventions.Comprehensive Patient AssessmentA detailed history collection is essential, focusing on any recent infections, nephrotoxic medication use, or chronic conditions such as hypertension and diabetes that may contribute to AKI. During the physical...