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Related Concept Videos

The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles01:43

The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles

In eukaryotic cells,  cytoskeletal filaments such as actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments form a mesh-like cytoskeletal network. These filaments serve as tracks for transporting cellular cargo. Specialized motor proteins use the chemical energy stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for this transport. During interphase, microtubules are polarized, with the plus-end towards the cell periphery and the minus-end towards the cell center. Two microtubule-associated motor proteins,...
Microtubule Associated Motor Proteins01:32

Microtubule Associated Motor Proteins

Eukaryotic cells have different motor proteins for transporting various cargo within the cell. These motor proteins differ based on the filament they associate with, the direction they move within the cell, and the type of cargo they transport. Motor proteins that associate with microtubules are known as microtubule-associated motor proteins. There are two families of microtubule-associated motor proteins —Kinesins and Dyneins. Both these proteins assist in the transport of cellular cargos...
Anaphase A and B01:39

Anaphase A and B

Microtubules form through the end-to-end polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. Kinetochore microtubules originate from the spindle poles, and their plus-ends connect with the kinetochores on sister-chromatids. Ndc80 protein complexes, present on the kinetochore, form low-affinity links with the plus end of these kinetochore microtubules.
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ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and are...
Destabilization of Microtubules01:45

Destabilization of Microtubules

The destabilization of microtubules can occur during different stages of the microtubule lifecycle, such as nucleation or elongation. It can take place at either end of the microtubule or in the microtubule lattices as a whole. The lifespan of individual microtubules within a cell varies according to the cell type and stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the lifespan of the microtubule is about 30 minutes, while during cell division, it is about 15 minutes. In axonal microtubules of...
The Mitotic Spindle02:27

The Mitotic Spindle

The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
The bipolar configuration of the mitotic spindle facilitates chromosomal segregation, preparing the cell for division. One mechanism that ensures bipolar mitotic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Motility of Single Molecules and Clusters of Bi-Directional Kinesin-5 Cin8 Purified from S. cerevisiae Cells
10:46

Motility of Single Molecules and Clusters of Bi-Directional Kinesin-5 Cin8 Purified from S. cerevisiae Cells

Published on: February 2, 2022

Plant kinesins: a bottom-up approach - from single molecules to function.

Shu Yao Leong1, Hauke Drechsler1, Erik Schäffer1,2

  • 1Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.

Journal of Experimental Botany
|July 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plants evolved unique microtubule structures and kinesin motors during land colonization. These plant kinesins function differently than animal and fungal counterparts, necessitating individual molecular study.

Keywords:
Arabidopsis thalianain vitro reconstitutionKinesinsplant kinesinsreview

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Plant cell biology
  • Molecular motors
  • Evolutionary biology

Background:

  • Plants evolved unique microtubule structures (cortical arrays, preprophase band, phragmoplast) during land colonization.
  • Kinesin motor protein families expanded in plants, with many acquiring novel functions.
  • Opisthokont (animal/fungal) kinesin research is extensive, but plant kinesin mechanics remain less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advances in in vitro characterization of plant kinesins.
  • To highlight functional divergence in Arabidopsis thaliana kinesins.
  • To emphasize the limitations of transferring knowledge from opisthokont kinesins to plants.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of in vitro characterization studies.
  • Analysis of functional divergence in plant kinesins.
  • Discussion of reconstituted plant-kinesin assays.

Main Results:

  • Plant kinesins exhibit significant functional divergence compared to their opisthokont orthologs.
  • Examples from Arabidopsis thaliana demonstrate unique plant kinesin functionalities.
  • Direct transfer of mechanistic insights from opisthokont kinesins to plants is often inaccurate.

Conclusions:

  • Plant kinesins possess unique molecular mechanisms and functions distinct from opisthokonts.
  • In vitro characterization of individual plant kinesins is crucial for understanding their roles.
  • Reconstituted plant-kinesin assays are essential tools for future research.