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Related Concept Videos

Meiosis vs. Mitosis02:57

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
Before the start of mitosis and meiosis I, the cell synthesizes DNA, resulting in two homologous copies of each chromosome. DNA synthesis is...
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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Non-Invasive Ultrasound Assessment of Endometrial Cancer Progression in Pax8-Directed Deletion of the Tumor Suppressors Arid1a and Pten in Mice
07:44

Non-Invasive Ultrasound Assessment of Endometrial Cancer Progression in Pax8-Directed Deletion of the Tumor Suppressors Arid1a and Pten in Mice

Published on: February 17, 2023

Differences between mitotically old and young endometrial tumors.

Kellie Kim1, Darryl Shibata1

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

The Journal of Pathology
|July 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Human tumors have varying mitotic ages, measurable by a novel fCpG methylation clock. Older endometrial adenocarcinomas show increased immune infiltration, suggesting immune surveillance restrains their growth.

Keywords:
DNA methylationT‐cell exhaustionendometrial adenocarcinomaepigenetic clockimmune surveillancemitotic agetumor evolution

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Heterogeneity Mapping of Protein Expression in Tumors using Quantitative Immunofluorescence
07:54

Heterogeneity Mapping of Protein Expression in Tumors using Quantitative Immunofluorescence

Published on: October 25, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Non-Invasive Ultrasound Assessment of Endometrial Cancer Progression in Pax8-Directed Deletion of the Tumor Suppressors Arid1a and Pten in Mice
07:44

Non-Invasive Ultrasound Assessment of Endometrial Cancer Progression in Pax8-Directed Deletion of the Tumor Suppressors Arid1a and Pten in Mice

Published on: February 17, 2023

Heterogeneity Mapping of Protein Expression in Tumors using Quantitative Immunofluorescence
07:54

Heterogeneity Mapping of Protein Expression in Tumors using Quantitative Immunofluorescence

Published on: October 25, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Tumor progression involves numerous cell divisions, influencing tumor characteristics.
  • Mitotic age, the number of divisions since tumor initiation, is a potential factor in cancer heterogeneity.
  • Endometrial adenocarcinomas (EAC) present a suitable model for studying tumor mitotic age due to varying clinical behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply a novel epigenetic clock to determine the relative mitotic ages of human endometrial adenocarcinomas.
  • To investigate the relationship between mitotic age and tumor progression, including synchronous and metastatic spread.
  • To explore the correlation between mitotic age and molecular features, such as proliferation and immune response, in EAC.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a rapidly fluctuating CpG (fCpG) methylation clock to infer mitotic ages in EAC samples.
  • Analyzed fCpG methylation patterns, including diversity and variance, to characterize tumor age.
  • Correlated mitotic age with genomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) EAC cohort, examining pathway enrichment.

Main Results:

  • fCpG methylation distributions varied significantly across EACs, allowing for mitotic age stratification.
  • Younger tumors exhibited low-diversity, high-variance fCpG patterns, while older tumors showed higher diversity and lower variance.
  • Mitotic age correlated with distinct molecular phenotypes: younger tumors were proliferation-enriched, whereas older tumors showed increased immune infiltration and T-cell exhaustion.

Conclusions:

  • Human tumors can be reliably ranked by mitotic age using the fCpG methylation clock.
  • Tumor mitotic age is associated with distinct biological processes, including proliferation and immune interactions.
  • The growth of older endometrial adenocarcinomas may be significantly influenced and restrained by immune surveillance mechanisms.