Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 9, 2026

A Modified Mirror Test as a Visual Guide for the Self-awareness Trait in Wild Antarctica Penguins, Pygoscelis adeliae
Published on: July 8, 2025
The Echo of Narcissus: An "as-if" experience
1Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven. CT, USA.
Abstract:
The clinical dilemmas in this 6 year analysis, with this single woman in her 30s, (whom I saw mostly in candidacy), unfolded into a dramatic, yet simultaneously stalled analysis that remained intrapsychically frozen. My conceptualization of the interaction was of the patient and me as Echo and Narcissus. The best I felt I could do for her, and for the analysis, was to explore those dimensions - yet always the enactment seemed more of a self-exploration than a meaningful communication with her. I include some ideas of how I might proceed somewhat differently, many years later. The despair in the contact led me to a more empathic view of the yearning of Narcissus, which has classically been interpreted as his cruel failure to appreciate Echo's beauty and love for him, due to his self-absorbed love of himself. I introduce his deeper yearning as a constantly frustrated desire to contact the mind of the other. The punishment of Echo, reduced to echolalia, deprived her of an intercommunicative mind, except for a sound suggesting a craven dependency. This was frustratingly far from her intention too, and confined her to her physicality alone. Their stall led to emotional death. Did ours?
Related Concept Videos
The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison
The Looking Glass Self
Echo
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case, then the...
Introspection
Dark Triad and Person Perception
Synesthesia
