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Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Membraneless Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cells as a Promising Clean Energy Source
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Published on: October 20, 2023

Efficient and Safe Membrane-Free Flow Electrolyzer for Formate Synthesis and Direct Fuel Cell Integration.

Yicheng Li1, Ernest Pahuyo Delmo2, Xingqiu Li1

  • 1School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|July 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a safe, membrane-free electrolyzer for efficient formate production from methanol and CO2. The novel catalysts enable high conversion and selectivity, paving the way for sustainable CO2-to-power systems.

Keywords:
CO2 reductionelectrocatalysisformate productionmembrane‐free flow electrolyzermethanol oxidation

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Energy

Background:

  • Membrane-free electrocatalysis offers a promising alternative to conventional systems.
  • A major challenge is the potential for hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) intermixing, hindering practical application.
  • Efficient and safe methods for converting carbon dioxide (CO2) are crucial for sustainable energy solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient and safe membrane-free flow electrolyzer for symmetric formate production.
  • To kinetically match methanol oxidation and CO2 reduction processes.
  • To suppress H2/O2 generation while achieving high conversion and selectivity.

Main Methods:

  • Development of low-cost, separate catalysts compatible within a single electrolyte.
  • Synthesis and stabilization of a novel Ni5(II)O(OH)8 material using lattice-matched FeOOH.
  • Utilizing SO4(2-) incorporated Bi2O2CO3 for selective CO2 reduction to formate.

Main Results:

  • The Ni5(II)O(OH)8 catalyst effectively suppresses O2 evolution, enabling ~100% methanol-to-formate conversion.
  • The Bi2O2CO3 catalyst promotes exclusive CO2 reduction to formate at evaluated current densities.
  • Achieved >195% overall formate Faradaic efficiency over a wide current density range (2.0-424.6 mA cm-2) with minimal H2/O2 production.

Conclusions:

  • The developed membrane-free electrolyzer demonstrates excellent production efficiency and safety, even under fluctuating renewable energy input.
  • The system establishes a low-cost and safe CO2-to-power loop route for sustainable energy conversion.
  • The produced formate solution is suitable for further utilization in high-performance fuel cells.