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Related Concept Videos

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography01:24

Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography

IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies01:28

Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...
Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
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Neuropelveology: The missing competency in Pelvic Surgery.

Journal of minimally invasive gynecology·2026
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A prospective surgical evaluation of the coexistence of endometriosis and interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome.

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Surgical management of uterine fibroids.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
07:20

Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity

Published on: December 21, 2012

Are We Missing the Bladder? Reflections on Endometriosis and IC/BPS.

Giovanni Di Favero1,2, Felix Zeppernick3, Magdalena Zeppernick3

  • 1Department Gynecology and Obstetrics, Justus-Liebig University, University Hospital Giessen-Marburg (UKGM), Campus Giessen, Giessen, Germany. gdifavero@hotmail.com.

International Urogynecology Journal
|July 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Endometriosis and interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) often coexist. A combined surgical approach of laparoscopy and cystoscopy can improve diagnosis and treatment for women with chronic pelvic pain.

Keywords:
Chronic pelvic painEndometriosisInterstitial cystitis

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Published on: April 17, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Gynecology
  • Urology
  • Pain Medicine

Background:

  • Endometriosis and interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) are common causes of chronic pelvic pain in women.
  • Overlapping symptoms and diagnostic challenges often lead to delayed recognition of coexisting endometriosis and IC/BPS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a structured surgical approach combining laparoscopy and diagnostic cystoscopy for improved identification and characterization of dual endometriosis and IC/BPS pathology.
  • To differentiate bladder-centric and non-bladder-centric IC/BPS phenotypes using optical assessment during surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective surgical experience in women with suspected endometriosis and bladder symptoms.
  • Integration of laparoscopy with diagnostic cystoscopy for simultaneous evaluation.
  • Phenotypic differentiation of IC/BPS based on cystoscopic findings.

Main Results:

  • Surgical assessment enables phenotypic differentiation of IC/BPS in women with endometriosis.
  • Identification of cystoscopic features guides the initiation of bladder-directed therapy.
  • Combined approach enhances diagnostic precision and supports individualized treatment.

Conclusions:

  • A structured surgical approach integrating laparoscopy and cystoscopy improves the diagnosis of coexisting endometriosis and IC/BPS.
  • Integrated diagnostic algorithms and multidisciplinary care are crucial for managing the complex interplay between these conditions.
  • This approach has the potential to minimize incomplete interventions and enhance symptom control for improved patient outcomes.