Conditional Transmembrane Peptides as Allosteric Modulators: Thermodynamic and Functional Perspectives in Membrane...

Membrane proteins participate in most cellular processes from sensing the cellular environment to regulating gene expression. The fundamental unit in eukaryotic membrane proteins is the transmembrane (TM) helix, which in addition to anchoring the protein to the lipid bilayer, often plays a central functional role. We review here advances in our understanding of the factors underpinning the thermodynamic stability of TM helices in cellular membranes. Interestingly, a class of TM sequences exists that has the ability to, when isolated as a peptide, be stable both in solution and in the membrane. This Review covers such conditional TM peptides, including their discovery in the form of the pHLIP peptide, the factors that determine their membrane insertion, and the basis for their use in cancer theranostics. We also discuss how this knowledge has been the conceptual basis for the design of sequences that partition into lipid bilayers and target membrane proteins. These peptides act as both positive and negative allosteric regulators of their membrane targets. Such TM allosteric conditional peptides (TMACs) additionally constitute tools that can advance our understanding of the activity and regulation of membrane proteins.