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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development
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Published on: June 15, 2017

Hexokinase 1 facilitates post-germinative seedling growth through its catalytic function.

Mengke Zhou1, Ashwin Ganpudi1, Anne C Lincoln1

  • 1Institute for Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.

The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology
|July 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The enzyme HEXOKINASE1 (HXK1) is crucial for plant hypocotyl cell expansion by phosphorylating glucose, impacting light signaling and metabolism. This enzymatic function, not its sensor role, is key for growth under dim light.

Keywords:
Arabidopsis thalianaSkotomorphogenesishexokinasehypocotylphytochrome

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

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Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves
08:31

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves

Published on: December 2, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Phytochrome Interacting Factors (PIFs) drive skotomorphogenic seedling growth, characterized by elongated hypocotyls in darkness or dim light.
  • HEXOKINASE1 (HXK1) is known to promote hypocotyl growth under light and nutrient limitations, functioning as both a glucose-phosphorylating enzyme and a glucose sensor.
  • While HXK1's sensor role in hypocotyl elongation is recognized, its enzymatic function and interaction with PIF pathways remain less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of HEXOKINASE1's enzymatic function versus its sensor function in hypocotyl elongation.
  • To determine if HXK1 interacts with PIF signaling pathways in regulating seedling growth.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which HXK1 influences hypocotyl cell expansion and light signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic analysis using HXK1 mutants (gin2-1/hxk1-3) and other related gene mutants (vha-B1, rpt5b, swn-7, clf28, clf29).
  • Application of glucose-6-phosphate and exogenous glucose to assess phenotypic rescue and growth responses.
  • mRNA-seq analysis to compare gene expression profiles between wild-type and mutant plants.

Main Results:

  • Genetic evidence confirms HXK1-mediated glucose phosphorylation is essential for hypocotyl cell expansion under light-limiting conditions.
  • Application of glucose-6-phosphate rescued the short hypocotyl phenotype of gin2-1/hxk1-3 mutants.
  • Nuclear-located HXK1 sensor-signalling components (VHA-B1, RPT5B) and PRC2 subunits (SWN, CLF) were found not to contribute to this specific hypocotyl growth response.
  • mRNA-seq revealed that HXK1 and PIF signaling intersect at genes involved in light signaling.
  • HXK1 negatively regulates chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes, and branched-chain amino acid catabolism genes.

Conclusions:

  • HXK1's enzymatic function, specifically glucose phosphorylation, is critical for hypocotyl cell expansion.
  • HXK1's role in regulating light signaling genes and metabolic pathways is significant.
  • The study clarifies the distinct roles of HXK1's enzymatic and sensor functions in plant development.