Infectious risk in French breeding kennels: A practice-based typology centered on Brucella canis

Area of Science:

• Veterinary Epidemiology
• Animal Health Management
• Canine Infectious Diseases

Background:

• Brucella canis (B. canis) has re-emerged in Western Europe, leading to outbreaks in French dog breeding kennels.
• Existing knowledge on individual breeder practices is insufficient for a comprehensive understanding of infectious risk management in kennels.
• A practice-based typology is needed to address B. canis and other infectious disease risks in French breeding facilities.

Purpose of the Study:

• To develop a practice-based typology of French dog kennels concerning biosecurity measures relevant to B. canis and other infectious risks.
• To identify specific gaps in biosecurity practices across different kennel profiles.
• To provide a baseline for targeted educational and support strategies for breeders.

Main Methods:

• An online descriptive survey was conducted among 225 dog breeders in France between June 2024 and April 2025.
• The survey collected data on breeding patterns, dog movement, testing protocols, and facility biosecurity (zoning, hygiene, PPE, visitor control).
• Kennel profiles were established using multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical clustering on principal components.

Main Results:

• Three distinct kennel profiles emerged: (i) well-structured but lacking B. canis awareness and visitor control, (ii) aware of B. canis but inconsistent with quarantine and PPE, and (iii) small-scale with weak biosecurity and high external contact.
• Pre-introduction and routine testing were uncommon, primarily focusing on congenital rather than infectious diseases.
• Screening for B. canis and systematic quarantine were rarely implemented across all profiles.

Conclusions:

• Significant gaps in biosecurity practices exist across all identified French kennel profiles, potentially facilitating the introduction and spread of B. canis and other infectious diseases.
• The identified typology highlights different reasons for these gaps, emphasizing the need for tailored interventions.
• Findings provide a foundation for risk-based support and customized education to improve infectious disease control in dog breeding facilities.