Matrix tolerance, probe orientation, and antifouling interfaces in graphene biosensors

Area of Science:

• Materials Science
• Nanotechnology
• Analytical Chemistry

Background:

• Graphene biosensors offer high sensitivity for environmental, food-safety, and biomedical diagnostics.
• Maintaining performance in complex matrices is a key challenge for real-world applications.
• Bio-nano interface organization is critical for analytical reliability.

Purpose of the Study:

• Review interface-engineering strategies for graphene biosensors.
• Address challenges in complex biological and environmental matrices.
• Improve performance metrics like selectivity, robustness, and sensitivity.

Main Methods:

• Examining interface engineering through matrix tolerance, probe orientation, and antifouling.
• Discussing porous/nanostructured interfaces for mass transport and signal integrity.
• Analyzing linker chemistry, surface architecture, and antifouling layers for bio-nano interfaces.

Main Results:

• Porous interfaces regulate transport and preserve signal in complex samples.
• Controlled probe orientation ensures biorecognition element accessibility.
• Antifouling layers reduce nonspecific adsorption and stabilize charge transfer.

Conclusions:

• Multiparametric interface engineering unifies improvements in selectivity, robustness, and sensitivity.
• Highlights design principles, benchmarking, and translational needs for graphene biosensors.
• Essential for developing reliable graphene biosensors for clinical, environmental, and food monitoring.