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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
Tissue Transplantation01:24

Tissue Transplantation

Tissue transplantation is a significant medical procedure involving the transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient, with the primary aim of restoring lost functions. This procedure is crucial in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including kidney diseases, liver failure, heart disease, and certain types of cancers.
The Biology of Tissue Transplantation
The biology of tissue transplantation hinges on the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. These molecules...
Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics01:21

Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics

Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine by saving countless lives from bacterial infections. However, their widespread use has inadvertently harmed the delicate balance of the human gut microbiota. The gut microbiota, a complex community of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune responses, and maintaining intestinal health. Antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum types, disrupt this ecosystem by eradicating both harmful and beneficial...
Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...
Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota

The human gut microbiome includes a diverse array of microbial species, including beneficial commensals and opportunistic pathogens, which interact to support host health. These microbes contribute to essential functions such as nutrient metabolism, immune system modulation, and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. However, disruptions to this equilibrium—referred to as dysbiosis—can have widespread physiological consequences.Dysbiosis is often characterized by reduced microbial...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Therapeutic Evaluation of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in an Interleukin 10-Deficient Mouse Model
05:41

Therapeutic Evaluation of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in an Interleukin 10-Deficient Mouse Model

Published on: April 6, 2022

Advances and challenges in microbiome transplantation.

Paromita Sen1, David Kaulmann1, Ilan Youngster2

  • 1Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

Cell Host & Microbe
|July 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) restores gut microbes to treat diseases like C. difficile infection. Further research is needed to understand FMT mechanisms for safer, broader applications in various health conditions.

Keywords:
fecal microbiome transplantationmicrobiomemicrobiota

More Related Videos

Murine Fecal Isolation and Microbiota Transplantation
07:32

Murine Fecal Isolation and Microbiota Transplantation

Published on: May 26, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Therapeutic Evaluation of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in an Interleukin 10-Deficient Mouse Model
05:41

Therapeutic Evaluation of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in an Interleukin 10-Deficient Mouse Model

Published on: April 6, 2022

Murine Fecal Isolation and Microbiota Transplantation
07:32

Murine Fecal Isolation and Microbiota Transplantation

Published on: May 26, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The microbiome significantly influences host health and disease.
  • Fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) is an established therapy for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI).
  • FMT is being investigated for various other conditions, including metabolic, neurological, oncological, and autoimmune disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) designs, mechanisms, indications, and obstacles.
  • To discuss emerging strategies and the need for a deeper mechanistic understanding of FMT.
  • To highlight how improved understanding can lead to safer and more effective microbiome-based therapies.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing literature on fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT).
  • It examines current FMT protocols, underlying mechanisms, and clinical applications.
  • The review also considers novel approaches and challenges in the field.

Main Results:

  • FMT is a proven therapy for rCDI and shows potential in other diseases.
  • Challenges include donor selection, risk of pathogen transmission, and unclear mechanisms of action.
  • Emerging strategies involve microbial consortia and extra-intestinal FMT.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of FMT's functions, limitations, and off-target effects is crucial.
  • This knowledge will enable the development of safer and more generalizable microbiome modulation strategies.
  • Future directions include refined donor screening, standardized protocols, outcome tracking, and identification of key microbial and metabolic drivers.