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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a virus that...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Imaging of HIV-1 Envelope-induced Virological Synapse and Signaling on Synthetic Lipid Bilayers
11:45

Imaging of HIV-1 Envelope-induced Virological Synapse and Signaling on Synthetic Lipid Bilayers

Published on: March 8, 2012

Cell-to-cell spread primes the nuclear pore for HIV-1.

Francesca Di Nunzio1

  • 1Advanced Molecular Virology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France.

Cell Host & Microbe
|July 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Cell-to-cell spread reprograms resting CD4+ T cells for HIV-1 infection. This involves CD4-LCK signaling and CDK1 activation to remodel the nuclear pore, facilitating viral entry into these cells.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Resting CD4+ T cells are a major reservoir for HIV-1.
  • Efficient HIV-1 nuclear import into resting CD4+ T cells is a significant barrier to infection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms by which cell-to-cell spread facilitates HIV-1 infection of resting CD4+ T cells.
  • To identify key signaling pathways and cellular events involved in overcoming barriers to viral nuclear import.

Main Methods:

  • Co-culture of infected and uninfected CD4+ T cells.
  • Analysis of CD4-LCK signaling pathways.
  • Assessment of Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) activation.
  • Investigation of nuclear pore complex remodeling.
  • Monitoring of HIV-1 nuclear import.

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Single-Cell Multiplexed Fluorescence Imaging to Visualize Viral Nucleic Acids and Proteins and Monitor HIV, HTLV, HBV, HCV, Zika Virus, and Influenza Infection

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Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes
10:34

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

Published on: February 22, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Imaging of HIV-1 Envelope-induced Virological Synapse and Signaling on Synthetic Lipid Bilayers
11:45

Imaging of HIV-1 Envelope-induced Virological Synapse and Signaling on Synthetic Lipid Bilayers

Published on: March 8, 2012

Single-Cell Multiplexed Fluorescence Imaging to Visualize Viral Nucleic Acids and Proteins and Monitor HIV, HTLV, HBV, HCV, Zika Virus, and Influenza Infection
07:24

Single-Cell Multiplexed Fluorescence Imaging to Visualize Viral Nucleic Acids and Proteins and Monitor HIV, HTLV, HBV, HCV, Zika Virus, and Influenza Infection

Published on: October 29, 2020

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes
10:34

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

Published on: February 22, 2017

Main Results:

  • Cell-to-cell contact between infected and uninfected T cells triggers CD4-LCK signaling.
  • CD4-LCK signaling activates CDK1, independent of cell-cycle progression.
  • Activated CDK1 leads to the remodeling of the nuclear pore.
  • Nuclear pore remodeling facilitates HIV-1 nuclear import into resting CD4+ T cells.

Conclusions:

  • Cell-to-cell spread is a critical mechanism for HIV-1 to infect resting CD4+ T cells.
  • The pathway involving CD4-LCK signaling and CDK1-mediated nuclear pore remodeling overcomes a major barrier to viral infection in resting T cells.