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Cavitational capacitive drive: A computationally efficient model for ultrasonic neuromodulation.

Mithun Padmakumar¹, Divya Rajan², John Eric Steephen²

¹School of Digital Sciences, Digital University Kerala, Technocity Campus Mangalapuram, Thonnakkal P.O., Veiloor, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695317, India.

Journal of Neural Engineering

|July 8, 2026

Summary

A new Cavitational Capacitive Drive (CCD) model efficiently simulates ultrasonic neuromodulation, overcoming the computational limits of the Neuronal Intramembrane Cavitation Excitation (NICE) model. This allows for faster, large-scale neuronal simulations of ultrasound effects.

Keywords:

Computational model Computational neuroscience Hodgkin Huxley Intramembrane cavitation Multicompartmental neuron models Regular spiking neuron Ultrasonic neuromodulation

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Area of Science:

Computational Neuroscience
Biophysics
Neuroimaging

Background:

Ultrasonic neuromodulation offers non-invasive brain stimulation.
The Neuronal Intramembrane Cavitation Excitation (NICE) model explains ultrasound-membrane interactions but is computationally intensive.
Simulations of large-scale neuronal networks are hindered by the NICE model's complexity.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a computationally efficient approximation of the NICE model, named the Cavitational Capacitive Drive (CCD) model.
To enable the simulation of ultrasonic neuromodulation in complex, multicompartment neuronal models.
To validate the accuracy and speed of the CCD model against the NICE framework.

Main Methods:

Developed an analytical formulation for the CCD model based on ultrasound frequency and intensity.
Calibrated the CCD model against NICE-generated capacitance waveforms.
Implemented the CCD model in the NEURON simulation environment and compared neuronal responses.

Main Results:

The CCD model accurately reproduced NICE-derived membrane capacitance oscillations (R^2 > 0.999).
CCD simulations showed excellent agreement with NICE for passive and active neuronal responses.
Achieved over 8,500-fold computational speed-up compared to the NICE model.

Conclusions:

The CCD model provides a computationally efficient and accurate method for simulating ultrasonic neuromodulation.
This framework facilitates the integration of intramembrane-cavitation-based neuromodulation into complex neuronal network models.
The CCD model significantly reduces simulation costs, enabling broader research into ultrasound effects on neural activity.