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Related Concept Videos

Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Cancer Survival Analysis

Cancer survival analysis focuses on quantifying and interpreting the time from a key starting point, such as diagnosis or the initiation of treatment, to a specific endpoint, such as remission or death. This analysis provides critical insights into treatment effectiveness and factors that influence patient outcomes, helping to shape clinical decisions and guide prognostic evaluations. A cornerstone of oncology research, survival analysis tackles the challenges of skewed, non-normally...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

A 3D Organotypic Melanoma Spheroid Skin Model
08:49

A 3D Organotypic Melanoma Spheroid Skin Model

Published on: May 18, 2018

Optimal Melanoma Treatment Protocols: a Bilinear Control Model.

Anthony Zamora1, Natalia L Komarova2, Souvik Roy3

  • 1Department of Mathematics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.

Mathematical Biosciences
|July 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optimal melanoma treatment schedules avoid cycling. Mathematical modeling shows that the best approach starts with full-dose therapy, potentially reduces to an intermediate dose, and then stops permanently, rather than using intermittent drug cycling.

Keywords:
ControlPontryaginhamiltonianmelanomaoptimization

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A Robust Discovery Platform for the Identification of Novel Mediators of Melanoma Metastasis
07:41

A Robust Discovery Platform for the Identification of Novel Mediators of Melanoma Metastasis

Published on: March 8, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Mathematical Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • BRAF-mutant melanoma targeted therapies improve survival but face drug resistance.
  • Preclinical models suggest "drug-addicted" resistant melanoma cells could be exploited by intermittent dosing.
  • Clinical trials indicate continuous therapy is superior to fixed intermittent schedules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To resolve the contradiction between preclinical "drug addiction" findings and clinical intermittent dosing failures.
  • To determine optimal BRAF-inhibitor treatment schedules minimizing tumor burden and side effects using optimal control theory.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a bilinear control model of susceptible and treatment-addicted resistant melanoma cells.
  • Applied Pontryagin's maximum principle for analytical characterization of optimal regimens.
  • Utilized a sequential quadratic Hamiltonian (SQH) numerical method for convergence.

Main Results:

  • Optimal treatment schedules are monotone, not cyclic.
  • Regimens begin with full-dose treatment, may transition to a singular (intermediate) dose, and then cease permanently.
  • Monotone dose reduction, not on-off cycling, aligns with clinical superiority of continuous therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Fixed intermittent dosing schedules fail to exploit melanoma "drug addiction" vulnerabilities.
  • Optimal schedules involve dose reduction and permanent cessation, not periodic cycling.
  • Mathematical modeling provides insight into effective melanoma treatment strategies beyond fixed cycling.