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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...

Ion Exchange

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Published on: August 12, 2013

Interphase activators for continuous Li⁺ transport in garnet-polymer composite solid electrolytes at room

Binbin Yang¹, Nan Chen², Yu Zhan¹

¹Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.

Science Bulletin

|July 8, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an interphase activator strategy to improve solid-state lithium-metal batteries. The method enhances ion pathways in garnet-polyvinylidene fluoride electrolytes, boosting conductivity and stability for safer batteries.

Keywords:

Energy storage Garnet Poly(vinylidene fluoride)Solid-state battery Solid-state electrolyte

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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Solid-state batteries

Background:

Composite solid electrolytes (CSEs) with Ta-doped garnet (LLZTO) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) are promising for solid-state Li-metal batteries (SSLMBs).
Interfacial resistance due to LLZTO surface contaminants and slow Li⁺ transport in PVDF hinders performance and promotes dendrite growth.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an interphase activator (IA) strategy to reconstruct LLZTO surfaces and improve Li⁺ transport across ceramic-polymer interfaces in CSEs.
To enhance the ionic conductivity, Li⁺ transfer number, and critical current density of LLZTO-PVDF CSEs for stable SSLMBs.

Main Methods:

Utilized SbF₃ as an interphase activator to transform native Li₂CO₃/LiOH on LLZTO into Sb₂O₃/LiF interphase.
Employed density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate Li⁺ migration barriers at the Sb₂O₃/LiF interface.
Incorporated ion-conducting cellulose (ICC) to modulate PVDF crystallinity and Li⁺ coordination exchange.

Main Results:

SbF₃ treatment created a coupled Sb₂O₃/LiF interphase with a low Li⁺ migration barrier (0.22 eV) at the interface.
The IA strategy, combined with ICC, suppressed PVDF crystallinity and accelerated Li⁺ transport, achieving an ionic conductivity of 6.7 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹.
Achieved a high Li⁺ transfer number of 0.84 and a critical current density of 3 mA cm⁻², enabling stable cycling in various SSLMB configurations at 30 °C.

Conclusions:

The interphase activator strategy effectively reconstructs ceramic-polymer interfaces, overcoming limitations in LLZTO-PVDF CSEs.
This approach significantly enhances interfacial Li⁺ transport kinetics and overall electrolyte performance for advanced SSLMBs.
Provides a foundation for developing IA strategies to improve garnet-polymer CSEs for next-generation solid-state batteries.