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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Simulating Imaging of Large Scale Radio Arrays on the Lunar Surface
06:14

Simulating Imaging of Large Scale Radio Arrays on the Lunar Surface

Published on: July 30, 2020

Korean lunar navigation constellation with stability-filtered optimisation.

Seungsoo Yoo1, Gyu-In Jee1, Sun Yong Kim2

  • 1Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.

Scientific Reports
|July 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A new Korean Lunar Navigation System (KLNS) uses five satellites to provide crucial navigation coverage for the Moon's near-side mid-latitudes. This system significantly improves positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) availability for upcoming lunar missions.

Keywords:
Elliptical lunar frozen orbitGreedy optimisationKASA 2032 lunar landerLunar navigationOrbital stability filterPNT constellation design

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

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Three-dimensional Super Resolution Microscopy of F-actin Filaments by Interferometric PhotoActivated Localization Microscopy (iPALM)
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Published on: December 1, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Lunar exploration
  • Spacecraft navigation systems
  • Orbital mechanics

Background:

  • Current lunar navigation systems offer robust south-polar coverage but neglect near-side mid-latitudes.
  • This coverage gap poses a challenge for missions like the Korea Aerospace Administration (KASA) 2032 lander, targeting specific northern hemisphere latitudes.
  • Existing satellite constellations are insufficient for comprehensive lunar surface PNT.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and optimize a dedicated lunar navigation satellite constellation for enhanced near-side mid-latitude coverage.
  • To ensure high availability of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) services for the KASA 2032 mission.
  • To develop a computationally efficient optimization method for satellite constellation design.

Main Methods:

  • A two-stage optimization process was employed, starting with propagation and stability screening of 10,368 candidate orbits.
  • Dynamically infeasible orbits were removed using four stability criteria under a perturbed orbital model.
  • A greedy sequential algorithm with S-ROI protection selected five optimal satellites for the Korean Lunar Navigation System (KLNS).

Main Results:

  • The proposed KLNS constellation achieved 89.5% PNT availability in the N40-70 latitude range, exceeding the 50% target.
  • The system maintained 99.7% coverage for the south pole, preserving existing capabilities.
  • The optimized KLNS solution outperformed a genetic algorithm benchmark and confirmed high PNT availability (92.5-94.2%) at KASA candidate landing sites.

Conclusions:

  • The KLNS constellation effectively addresses the PNT coverage gap in lunar near-side mid-latitudes.
  • A pre-filtering approach combined with a greedy algorithm is a computationally efficient method for designing robust satellite constellations.
  • The KLNS is a viable solution for supporting future lunar missions requiring precise navigation in previously underserved regions.