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Global Climate Change01:50

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Simulating Temperature in a Soil Incubation Experiment
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Published on: October 28, 2022

The forest of knowledge under global change.

Rodrigo Cámara-Leret1, Patrick R Roehrdanz2, Jordi Bascompte3

  • 1Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. rodrigo.camaraleret@uzh.ch.

Nature
|July 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Climate change and Indigenous language loss threaten Amazonia's rich biodiversity and cultural heritage. This study reveals significant impacts on utilized plant species and traditional knowledge, highlighting the urgent need for biocultural restoration efforts.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Ethnobotany
  • Conservation Science

Background:

  • Amazonia holds immense terrestrial biodiversity and hosts over 400 Indigenous groups.
  • No prior research has simultaneously assessed the impacts of climate change and Indigenous language loss on Amazonia's biological and cultural heritage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the combined effects of climate change and Indigenous language loss on Amazonia's biocultural heritage.
  • To quantify the societal benefits of native plants and their vulnerability to environmental and cultural shifts.

Main Methods:

  • Compiled a database of 90,536 reports from 700 references on the societal benefits of native plants in the Amazon basin.
  • Developed 8,429 species distribution models under three future climate scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP3-7.0, SSP5-8.5).
  • Analyzed the correlation between threatened Indigenous languages and the loss of traditional ecological knowledge.

Main Results:

  • Humans utilize 5,796 native plant species, representing one-third of Amazonia's known vascular seed plant flora.
  • Climate change is projected to reduce the ranges of utilized plant species more significantly than non-utilized ones by 2060-2080.
  • Indigenous communities may lose 28-34% of utilized plant species and 18-23% of associated ecosystem services due to climate change; threatened languages could reduce the Amazonian knowledge pool by 26%.

Conclusions:

  • Amazonia's biocultural heritage is highly vulnerable to both climate change and language endangerment.
  • The findings underscore the interconnectedness of biodiversity and cultural diversity.
  • A publicly available dataset is provided to aid in biocultural restoration and mitigate global change impacts.