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Related Concept Videos

Cell Diversity01:13

Cell Diversity

The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term "cell" based on the resemblance of the small subdivisions in the cork to the rooms that monks inhabited, called cells. About ten years later, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to observe the living and moving cells under a microscope. In the century that followed, the theory that cells represented the basic unit of life developed.
Multicellular organisms...
What are Cells?01:07

What are Cells?

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, e.g., in humans. No matter what organism a cell is a part of, they share specific characteristics.Basic Characteristics of CellsA living cell has a plasma membrane, a bilayer of lipids that separates the aqueous solution inside the cell called the cytoplasm from the outside environment.Furthermore, a living cell possesses genetic information...
What are Cells?01:15

What are Cells?

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium, or trillions of them, e.g., in humans. No matter what organism a cell is a part of, they share specific characteristics.
Basic Characteristics of Cells
A living cell has a plasma membrane, a bilayer of lipids that separates the aqueous solution inside the cell called the cytoplasm from the outside environment.
Furthermore, a living cell possesses genetic information...
What are Cells?01:15

What are Cells?

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium, or trillions of them, e.g., in humans. No matter what organism a cell is a part of, they share specific characteristics.
Basic Characteristics of Cells
A living cell has a plasma membrane, a bilayer of lipids that separates the aqueous solution inside the cell called the cytoplasm from the outside environment.
Furthermore, a living cell possesses genetic information...
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
Basal Lamina are the Specialized Form of ECM01:03

Basal Lamina are the Specialized Form of ECM

The basal lamina is a thin extracellular layer that lies underneath the cells and separates them from other tissues. The three layers of the basal lamina are lamina lucida, lamina densa and lamina reticularis. The basal lamina, a mixture of glycoproteins and collagen, provides an attachment site for the epithelium, separating it from underlying connective tissue. The framework of basal lamina has other essential proteins such as laminins mesh, perlecan, entactin, and type IV collagen.
Proteins...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Cell-cell Fusion of Genome Edited Cell Lines for Perturbation of Cellular Structure and Function
07:30

Cell-cell Fusion of Genome Edited Cell Lines for Perturbation of Cellular Structure and Function

Published on: December 7, 2019

Universal cell embedding provides a foundation model for cell biology.

Yanay Rosen1, Yusuf Roohani2, Ayush Agrawal1

  • 1Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

Nature
|July 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a universal cell embedding (UCE) foundation model to represent diverse cell types across species. This AI tool creates a unified biological space for analyzing millions of cells, aiding cell biology research.

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Published on: September 18, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Bioinformatics
  • Artificial Intelligence

Background:

  • Developing a universal cell representation space is crucial for understanding cellular diversity across species.
  • Single-cell transcriptomic atlases provide foundational data for this endeavor.
  • Existing methods require extensive data labeling and model training for new cell data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the universal cell embedding (UCE) foundation model, a novel approach for creating a unified biological latent space.
  • To enable seamless representation of cells across diverse tissues and species without requiring data labeling or model retraining.
  • To facilitate large-scale cell atlas creation and analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Trained a foundation model (UCE) on a large corpus of cell data using self-supervision.
  • Developed a unified biological latent space capable of representing cells from diverse tissues and species.
  • Applied UCE to create the Integrated Mega-scale Atlas, embedding 36 million cells.

Main Results:

  • The UCE latent space captures significant biological variation while accommodating experimental noise.
  • UCE allows embedding of new cells without data labeling, model training, or fine-tuning.
  • The Integrated Mega-scale Atlas contains over 1,000 cell types from hundreds of experiments, dozens of tissues, and eight species.
  • UCE demonstrated emergent behaviors, identifying developmental lineages and embedding data from unseen species.

Conclusions:

  • UCE provides a universal representation for cell states and types, unifying single-cell data analysis.
  • The model serves as a valuable tool for cell type analysis, annotation, and hypothesis generation.
  • UCE advances cell biology by enabling comprehensive insights into cellular organization and function across species.