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Cloud attenuation estimation based on cloud particle sensor sonde observations for next-generation satellite

Takahiro Ohno^1,2, Munehiro Matsui³, Kiyohiko Itokawa³

¹Access Network Service Systems Laboratories, NTT, Inc., Yokosuka, 239-0847, Japan. takahiro.ohno@ntt.com.

Scientific Reports

|July 8, 2026

Summary

Cloud attenuation in satellite communications is significantly impacted by ice crystals, not just water droplets, especially at shorter wavelengths. This study uses in-situ cloud particle data to show ice crystals dominate attenuation, challenging existing models.

Keywords:

CPS sonde Cloud attenuation Free space optics Meteorological satellite Radio frequency Satellite communication

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Area of Science:

Satellite Communications
Atmospheric Science
Radiowave Propagation

Background:

Cloud attenuation impacts sub-terahertz (sub-THz), terahertz (THz), and free-space optical (FSO) satellite communications.
Existing models like ITU-R often overlook ice crystals, relying on liquid water content, which can lead to inaccurate estimates in multilayered clouds.

Purpose of the Study:

To estimate cloud attenuation up to 10 THz using in-situ cloud microphysical data.
To explicitly account for both water droplets and ice crystals in attenuation estimations.
To evaluate the limitations of current cloud attenuation models.

Main Methods:

Utilized cloud particle sensor (CPS) sonde data from Okinawa, Japan.
Measured vertical profiles of cloud particle types (water droplets, ice crystals) and their size distributions.
Calculated cloud attenuation based on in-situ observational data.

Main Results:

Cloud attenuation is dominated by ice crystals, particularly at wavelengths below 1.0 mm.
This finding challenges the conventional assumption that water droplets are the primary cause of attenuation.
Explicit consideration of ice crystal size distribution is crucial for accurate modeling.

Conclusions:

In-situ cloud particle observations reveal ice crystals significantly influence cloud attenuation in satellite communication frequencies.
Conventional models may overestimate or underestimate attenuation due to their limited consideration of ice crystal effects.
Further global studies are needed to develop more accurate and universally applicable cloud attenuation models for satellite communications.