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Related Concept Videos

PD Controller: Design

PD Controller: Design

In automotive engineering, car suspension systems often employ Proportional Derivative (PD) controllers to enhance performance. PD controllers are utilized to adjust the damping force in response to road conditions. A controller, acting as an amplifier with a constant gain, demonstrates proportional control, with output directly mirroring input.
Designing a continuous-data controller requires selecting and linking components like adders and integrators, which are fundamental in Proportional,...

PI Controller: Design

PI Controller: Design

Proportional Integral (PI) controllers are a fundamental component in modern control systems, widely used to enhance performance and mitigate steady-state errors. They are particularly effective in applications such as automatic brightness adjustment on smartphones, where they excel at mitigating steady-state errors for step-function inputs. Unlike PD controllers, which require time-varying errors to function optimally, PI controllers leverage their integral component to address residual...

Clamper Circuit

Clamper Circuit

A clamper circuit, also known as a DC restorer, represents a specialized variant of the rectifier circuit, notable for its method of taking the output across the diode rather than the capacitor. This configuration lends to several distinctive applications, particularly in handling square wave inputs.
Within this circuit, the diode's orientation prompts the capacitor to charge up to the level of the most negative peak of the input signal. Upon reaching this state, the diode ceases to conduct,...

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.

Applications of RC Circuits

Applications of RC Circuits

A relaxation oscillator is one of the applications of RC circuits. A neon lamp relaxation oscillator comprises a capacitor, a resistor, a voltage source, and a lamp. The lamp acts like an open circuit, with infinite resistance until the potential difference across the lamp reaches a specific voltage. At that voltage, the lamp acts like a short circuit with zero resistance, and the capacitor discharges through the lamp, thus producing light. Once the capacitor is fully discharged through the...

LC Circuits

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An LC circuit consists of an inductor and a capacitor, either in series or parallel. Consider a charged capacitor connected with an inductor in series. Before the switch is closed, all the energy of the circuit is stored in the electric field of the capacitor. When the switch is closed, the capacitor begins to discharge, producing a current in the circuit. The current, in turn, creates a magnetic field in the inductor. Because of the induced emf in the inductor, the current cannot change...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Gene Digital Circuits Based on CRISPR-Cas Systems and Anti-CRISPR Proteins

Gene Digital Circuits Based on CRISPR-Cas Systems and Anti-CRISPR Proteins

Published on: October 18, 2022

Harnessing CRISPRi Competition to Develop Multimodule Controllers for Resource-Aware Circuit Design.

Sadikshya Rijal¹, Rong Zhang¹, Xiao-Jun Tian²

¹School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|July 8, 2026

Summary

Engineered gene circuits often suffer from resource competition. This study introduces a CRISPR interference-based controller to balance module activity in dual self-activation circuits, enhancing predictability.

Keywords:

Modularity Module coactivation Multi-module control Resource decoupling dCas9 competition

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Gene Digital Circuits Based on CRISPR-Cas Systems and Anti-CRISPR Proteins

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Published on: October 18, 2022

The Modular Design and Production of an Intelligent Robot Based on a Closed-Loop Control Strategy

The Modular Design and Production of an Intelligent Robot Based on a Closed-Loop Control Strategy

Published on: October 14, 2017

Area of Science:

Synthetic Biology
Molecular Biology
Genetic Engineering

Background:

Cellular resource limitations cause competition in engineered genetic circuits.
Positive feedback in circuits can lead to Winner-Takes-All dynamics and imbalanced resource allocation.
This undermines the modularity and predictability of synthetic gene circuits.

Purpose of the Study:

To experimentally implement a Negatively Competitive Regulatory (NCR) controller using CRISPR interference (CRISPRi).
To address resource competition and Winner-Takes-All dynamics in dual self-activation (DSA) circuits.
To enhance the modularity and predictability of engineered gene circuits.

Main Methods:

Chromosomal integration of a tunable dCas9 expression cassette.
Design of self-activation modules and module-specific guide RNAs for CRISPRi-mediated self-repression.
Implementation of NCR strategy to regulate resource competition in DSA circuits.

Main Results:

The NCR controller effectively introduced negative feedback to more active modules.
Resource reallocation to less active modules was achieved, promoting balanced activity.
CRISPRi was leveraged to implement the NCR strategy, mitigating WTA dynamics.

Conclusions:

The NCR strategy using CRISPRi enhances gene circuit modularity and predictability.
This approach offers a method to manage resource competition in complex genetic systems.
Guidelines are provided for quantitative assessment of NCR regulation in DSA modules.