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Related Concept Videos

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

Gene-Environment Interactions

Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...

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Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Stable Isotope In-Vivo Labeling for Mass-Spectrometry Identification of Paternal Metabolites Transferred from Sperm to Oocyte During Fertilization
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Epigenetic, Environmental, and Sex-Specific Programming of Long-Term Health in ART-Conceived Offspring.

Eric A Rhon-Calderon1, Cassidy N Hemphill1, Marisa S Bartolomei1,2

  • 1Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Biology of Reproduction
|July 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) improve conception rates but may affect long-term health in offspring. This review explores epigenetic, environmental, and sex-specific factors influencing these outcomes.

Keywords:
ARTdevelopmentenvironmentepigeneticssex

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) are widely used for infertility, with over 13 million births globally since 1978.
  • Technological advancements have improved ART success rates but raised concerns about potential adverse outcomes in offspring.
  • Long-term health effects in ART-conceived individuals are a growing area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms linking ART to long-term health outcomes in offspring.
  • To examine the roles of epigenetics, environmental factors, and sex-specific influences.
  • To synthesize current knowledge from human and animal studies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on ART and offspring health.
  • Analysis of epigenetic reprogramming, environmental exposures, and sex-specific factors.
  • Comparative examination of findings in human and mouse models.

Main Results:

  • ART is associated with adverse placental and fetal outcomes, some with generational effects.
  • Altered epigenetic reprogramming is implicated as a key mechanism.
  • Environmental influences and sex-specific factors contribute to long-term health trajectories.

Conclusions:

  • The long-term health of ART-conceived offspring results from a complex interplay of factors.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate these mechanisms and ensure the safety of ART.
  • Understanding these influences is crucial for improving ART practices and offspring well-being.