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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Systematic Hearing Performance Evaluation Process for Adolescents with Cochlear Implantation at Early Ages
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Reconsidering Listener Evaluations of Creaky Voice.

Sarah Rose Bellavance1, Susannah V Levi1

  • 1Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, NYU Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, New York, USA.

Language and Speech
|July 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Vocal fry, a common speech pattern, is not perceived as less hirable or pleasant when spontaneously produced at the end of sentences. Perceptions varied by listener age and gender, with older women showing slight negativity.

Keywords:
creaky voicespeech perceptionvocal fry

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Area of Science:

  • Linguistics
  • Sociolinguistics
  • Phonetics

Background:

  • Nonpathological creaky voice (vocal fry) is a common U.S. English voice quality.
  • Previous studies suggest speakers using vocal fry, especially young women, are perceived as less hirable and pleasant.
  • Spontaneous vocal fry in phrase-final position is common but understudied regarding listener perception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reexamine perceptions of spontaneously produced phrase-final creaky voice.
  • To investigate how listener age and gender influence perceptions of vocal fry.
  • To determine if vocal fry negatively impacts hirability and pleasantness ratings.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized spontaneously produced sentences with and without phrase-final creaky voice from 10 speakers.
  • Recruited 104 listeners across five age/gender groups (younger/older women, younger/older men, younger nonbinary individuals).
  • Listeners rated sentences on hirability and pleasantness and completed association tasks.

Main Results:

  • Overall, listeners did not rate phrase-final creaky voice as less hirable or pleasant.
  • Older women rated creaky voice as less pleasant than modal voice.
  • Younger nonbinary listeners rated voices as more hirable overall compared to younger men or women.

Conclusions:

  • Spontaneously produced phrase-final creaky voice is not universally perceived negatively.
  • Listener demographics significantly influence vocal fry perception.
  • Findings challenge previous research suggesting a universal negative bias against vocal fry.