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Integrating eye-tracking into psychometric research: computational approaches to explore response burden in
Monica Casella1, Francesca Borghesi2, Elena Lupi1
1Natural and Artificial Cognition Laboratory "Orazio Miglino", Department of Humanistic Studies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
Frontiers in Psychology
|July 9, 2026
Summary
Longer questionnaires, like the BFQ-2, cause greater changes in eye-movement behavior over time, indicating potential respondent fatigue or adaptation. Eye-tracking offers an objective measure of engagement stability during surveys.
Area of Science:
- Psychological Measurement
- Cognitive Psychology
- Human-Computer Interaction
Background:
- Long questionnaires increase cognitive and motivational demands, leading to response burden.
- Understanding how instrument length affects participant engagement is crucial for survey design.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate if eye-movement behavior differs based on questionnaire length.
- To assess the temporal stability of participant engagement during survey completion.
Main Methods:
- Twenty-five participants completed the BFI-44 and the longer BFQ-2 while their gaze was recorded.
- Repeated-measures ANOVA and seven machine-learning classifiers were used for analysis.
Main Results:
- Gaze metrics (fixation, visit, glance, pupil) decreased over time for both instruments.
- The longer BFQ-2 showed more significant temporal variations in gaze behavior.
- An AdaBoost classifier achieved 73% accuracy in differentiating between the two instruments based on gaze data.
Conclusions:
- Longer questionnaires induce greater temporal fluctuations in gaze, suggesting fatigue or adaptation.
- Eye-tracking serves as an objective method to evaluate respondent engagement stability.
