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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Coronavirus01:29

Coronavirus

Coronaviruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), are enveloped viruses characterized by their single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome and helical nucleocapsid structure. The hallmark of these viruses is their club-shaped spike (S) glycoproteins that protrude from the viral envelope, facilitating attachment to host cells. Typically, coronaviruses infect the upper respiratory tract, often causing mild or asymptomatic disease. However, certain strains like...

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Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Development of Multiplex Real-Time RT-qPCR Assays for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A/B, and MERS-CoV
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Development of Multiplex Real-Time RT-qPCR Assays for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A/B, and MERS-CoV

Published on: November 10, 2023

Avian influenza overview March-May 2026.

, ,

    EFSA Journal. European Food Safety Authority
    |July 9, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) detections decreased in Europe but spread to South America. New A(H9N2) strains emerged, with rare human cases linked to poultry exposure.

    Keywords:
    HPAIavian influenzacaptive birdshumansmonitoringpoultrywild birds

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    Rapid Diagnosis of Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds: Use of a Portable rRT-PCR and Freeze-dried Reagents in the Field

    Published on: August 2, 2011

    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Virology
    • Zoonotic Disease Epidemiology
    • One Health Surveillance

    Background:

    • Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) viruses pose a significant threat to avian populations and can have zoonotic implications.
    • Continued global circulation necessitates ongoing surveillance and reporting of HPAI outbreaks in birds and potential spillover events.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To report on the epidemiological situation of HPAI A(H5) virus detections in birds and human cases globally between February 28 and June 4, 2026.
    • To highlight new viral strains and geographical shifts in HPAI virus distribution.
    • To assess the current risk to public health.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of reported HPAI A(H5) virus detections in domestic and wild birds across 30 European countries.
    • Monitoring of HPAI outbreaks in wild birds in South America.
    • Compilation and review of publicly reported human avian influenza virus infections and their epidemiological links.

    Main Results:

    • 949 HPAI A(H5) detections in European birds, with a declining trend observed.
    • First detection of A(H9N2) virus of clade G5.5 in European poultry.
    • Sporadic detections in mammals, including A(H5N5) in wild carnivores.
    • Shift in HPAI detections to South America with significant outbreaks in swans.
    • 19 human avian influenza virus infections reported globally, including fatal cases of A(H5N1) and A(H5N6).
    • Most human cases linked to poultry exposure.

    Conclusions:

    • The downward trend of HPAI A(H5) in Europe is expected to continue, though new strains like A(H9N2) are emerging.
    • Avian influenza viruses continue to circulate globally, with notable spread to South America and occasional mammalian infections.
    • Human infections remain rare, with no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission, and the risk to the general public in the EU/EEA is low.