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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who are...
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Monitoring Spatial Segregation in Surface Colonizing Microbial Populations
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Racial Diversity and Segregation: Comparing Principal Cities, Inner-Ring Suburbs, Outlying Suburbs, and the Suburban

Daniel T Lichter1, Brian C Thiede1, Matthew M Brooks1

  • 1is Ferris Family Professor Emeritus in the Cornell Brooks School of Public Policy and Department of Sociology, Cornell University, United States. is associate professor of rural sociology, sociology, and demography, The Pennsylvania State University, United States. is a postdoctoral researcher at the Centre on Population Dynamics and Department of Sociology at McGill University, Canada.

The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences : RSF
|July 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Suburbanization continues, with most metropolitan residents now living in suburbs, especially minority groups. Suburbs are becoming more racially diverse, though diversity varies across different suburban types.

Keywords:
diversityexurbsracesegregationsuburbs

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Area of Science:

  • Urban Studies
  • Sociology
  • Demography

Background:

  • Suburbanization is a long-standing trend in the United States.
  • Understanding ethnoracial diversity and segregation patterns is crucial for urban planning.
  • Metropolitan areas are complex, with distinct inner-ring, outlying, and exurban zones.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document recent trends in suburbanization, ethnoracial diversity, and residential segregation using 2020 Census data.
  • To analyze these trends across different types of suburban areas (inner-ring, outlying, exurban).
  • To examine changes in the racial composition and segregation of suburban populations.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 2020 Census data.
  • Examination of suburbanization trends.
  • Assessment of ethnoracial diversity and residential segregation in metropolitan areas.

Main Results:

  • Suburbanization continues, though at a slower pace than in previous decades.
  • Nearly two-thirds of metropolitan residents now live in suburbs.
  • Suburbs, particularly inner-ring ones, show significant increases in racial diversity.
  • A majority of Black residents now live in suburbs.
  • Metropolitan segregation is declining overall, with lower levels in suburbs compared to principal cities.
  • Exposure to White populations has decreased for suburban Asians and Hispanics since 1990.
  • The exurban fringe remains the least diverse area and shows some segregation patterns contrary to national trends.

Conclusions:

  • Suburban areas are increasingly diverse and are now home to the majority of metropolitan Black populations.
  • While overall segregation is declining, specific patterns like increasing Black-White segregation exist in the exurban fringe.
  • Further research is needed to understand the implications of these evolving suburban demographics.