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Next-generation Sequencing

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.

Sanger Sequencing

Sanger Sequencing

DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
Challenges of the Maxam-Gilbert Method
The...

DNA Microarrays

DNA Microarrays

Microarrays are high-throughput and relatively inexpensive assays that can be automated to analyze large quantities of data at a time. They are used in genome-wide studies to compare gene or protein expression under two varied conditions, such as healthy and diseased states. Microarrays consist of glass or silica slides on which probe molecules are covalently attached through surface functionalization. Most commonly, the slides are prepared through the chemisorption of silanes to silica...

Labeling DNA Probes

Labeling DNA Probes

DNA probes are fragments of DNA labeled with a reporter tag to enable their detection or purification. The resulting labeled DNA probes can then hybridize to target nucleic acid sequences through complementary base-pairing, and may be used to recover or identify these regions.
Radioisotopes, fluorophores, or small molecule binding partners like biotin or digoxigenin, are the most widely used reporter tags for labeling DNA probes. These labels can be attached to the probe DNA molecule via...

Real Time RT-PCR

Real Time RT-PCR

Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, or Real-time RT-PCR, is an analytical tool used to determine the expression level of target genes. The method involves converting mRNA to complementary DNA with the help of an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase, followed by the PCR amplification of the cDNA. These two processes can be performed simultaneously in a single tube or separately as a two-step reaction.
The real-time quantification of the number of amplified products is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

BEST: Barcode Enabled Sequencing of Tetrads

BEST: Barcode Enabled Sequencing of Tetrads

Published on: May 1, 2014

Time Resolved DNA Barcodes for Information Encoding and Dynamic Encryption.

Likang Chu^1,2,3, Haixia Wang¹, Haiyan Gao^1,3

¹The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)

|July 9, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces DNA Temporal Barcodes (DTBs) for dynamic molecular data storage and encryption. This programmable system overcomes static DNA limitations, enabling adaptive data processing and enhanced security.

Keywords:

DNA Temporal Barcode DNA nanotechnology information encoding information encryption

More Related Videos

Genetic Barcoding with Fluorescent Proteins for Multiplexed Applications

Genetic Barcoding with Fluorescent Proteins for Multiplexed Applications

Published on: April 14, 2015

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

BEST: Barcode Enabled Sequencing of Tetrads

BEST: Barcode Enabled Sequencing of Tetrads

Published on: May 1, 2014

Genetic Barcoding with Fluorescent Proteins for Multiplexed Applications

Genetic Barcoding with Fluorescent Proteins for Multiplexed Applications

Published on: April 14, 2015

Area of Science:

Molecular biology
Biotechnology
Information science

Background:

The information era demands high-capacity, secure data storage solutions.
DNA offers high density and stability but traditional methods are static.
Limitations in dynamic manipulation hinder adaptive data processing and encryption.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a programmable platform for dynamic molecular data encoding and encryption.
To overcome the static nature of traditional DNA data storage.
To enhance the security and adaptability of molecular information systems.

Main Methods:

Developed DNA Temporal Barcodes (DTBs) with distinct retention times for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) separation.
Created a versatile DTB library through programmed chemical modifications and DNA sequences.
Implemented a key-triggered DNA ligation mechanism for reconfigurable DTBs and dynamic encryption.

Main Results:

Demonstrated a programmable DTB library capable of encoding diverse information states.
Utilized HPLC for time-resolved readout, recovery, and reuse of DTBs.
Achieved dynamic encryption at the molecular level through reconfigurable DTBs.

Conclusions:

Established a versatile strategy for programmable, high-capacity molecular information security.
DTBs enable dynamically adaptable molecular data storage and encryption.
This approach advances adaptive data processing and molecular-level security systems.