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Related Concept Videos

Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for their...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

Obstructive sleep apnea in people with epilepsy: Modifying risk.

Erafat D Rehim1, Martina Vendrame2, Orrin Devinsky3

  • 1Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Epilepsia
|July 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a modifiable risk factor in people with epilepsy (PWE). Treating OSA may improve seizure control and reduce risks of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP).

Keywords:
SUDEPepilepsylate onset epilepsymodifiable risk factorobstructive sleep apnea

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Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms (ECoGs) and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture
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Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms (ECoGs) and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms (ECoGs) and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture
09:06

Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms (ECoGs) and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture

Published on: December 22, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is prevalent but often overlooked in people with epilepsy (PWE).
  • OSA is increasingly recognized as a potential contributor to epilepsy outcomes, not just a comorbidity.
  • Associations exist between OSA and increased seizure burden, epileptiform discharges, late-onset epilepsy (LOE), and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review the literature on the association between OSA and epilepsy outcomes.
  • To evaluate the evidence linking OSA to seizure severity, incident LOE, and SUDEP risk using the Bradford Hill criteria.
  • To advocate for viewing OSA as a modifiable risk factor in PWE.

Main Methods:

  • A critical literature review was conducted.
  • The Bradford Hill criteria for causation were applied to appraise the evidence connecting OSA with seizure severity, incident LOE, and SUDEP risk.
  • Limitations such as confounding, bias, and lack of randomized evidence were considered.

Main Results:

  • OSA supports eight of the nine Bradford Hill criteria for causation (strength, consistency, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence, analogy, experiment), though not specificity.
  • Evidence suggests OSA may be linked to increased seizure severity, incident LOE, and SUDEP risk.
  • Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment for OSA may improve seizure control.

Conclusions:

  • OSA should be considered a significant, modifiable risk factor for people with epilepsy.
  • Systematic screening for OSA and evidence-based treatment should be integrated into routine epilepsy care.
  • Further randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the impact of OSA treatment on epilepsy incidence, severity, and SUDEP.