Doctors vs. Algorithms: Physicians, too, struggle to learn from evidence that contradicts AI suggestions

Despite their widespread adoption, Artificial Intelligence-based Patient Classification Systems sometimes rely on incorrect, outdated, or incomplete data, which can lead to inaccurate outputs. Nevertheless, health professionals are expected to override these errors, at least when they have access to critical information. To test this, we conducted two experiments in which professional physicians interacted with an Artificial Intelligence system that incorrectly classified fictitious patients as either highly or lowly sensitive to a treatment. The physicians administered the treatment to a series of fictitious patients and received feedback that was useful for learning that the patient classification was incorrect and that all patients were equally sensitive to the treatment. We ran two experiments: in Experiment 1, the medicine showed medium effectiveness for both types of patients, while in Experiment 2, the treatment was completely ineffective for both types of patients. The results showed that, in the two experiments, physicians generally trusted the AI-based patient classification and struggled to learn from the evidence. Furthermore, in Experiment 2, they failed to realize that the treatment was ineffective. Our findings have important implications for healthcare professionals and patients, underscoring the need to critically evaluate Patient Classification Systems.