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Updated: Jul 12, 2026

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Mirror-Confrontation Distress After Rhinoplasty: Development and Validation of a Patient-Reported Outcome Measure.

Ozan Luay Abbas1

  • 1Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Ufuk University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkiye.

Aesthetic Surgery Journal
|July 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Rhinoplasty patients can experience distress when seeing their new look. The new MEADS-25 scale reliably measures this early adaptation distress, aiding patient care.

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Plastic Surgery
  • Patient-Reported Outcomes

Background:

  • Rhinoplasty patients often face psychological distress post-surgery, particularly upon cast removal.
  • This early postoperative response, termed mirror-confrontation distress, lacks a validated measurement tool.
  • A conceptual framework identified five key domains relevant to this distress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate the Mirror-Confrontation and Early Adaptation Distress Scale (MEADS-25).
  • The MEADS-25 is designed as a patient-reported outcome measure for early distress after rhinoplasty.

Main Methods:

  • Qualitative interviews and cognitive debriefing were used for item generation and refinement.
  • Psychometric validation involved 260 primary rhinoplasty patients.

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  • Structural validity, reliability, and various forms of validity (convergent, discriminant, criterion, known-groups) were assessed.

    • Main Results:

    • Factor analyses confirmed a robust five-factor structure for the MEADS-25.
    • The scale demonstrated high internal consistency and test-retest reliability.
    • MEADS-25 scores correlated significantly with appearance-related distress and anxiety, confirming its validity.

    Conclusions:

    • The MEADS-25 is a reliable and valid instrument.
    • It effectively assesses early adaptation distress related to mirror confrontation post-rhinoplasty.
    • This tool can aid in understanding and managing patient psychological responses.