Quantifying the Predictive Power of Social Determinants of Health in Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes...

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and type 2 diabetes (DM2) are influenced not only by biomedical risk factors but also by social determinants of health (SDOH). While the inclusion of SDOH in predictive models is increasingly advocated, few studies have quantified their specific contribution in a high-risk clinical cohort using robust statistical and machine-learning approaches.

This study aims to quantify the added predictive value of SDOH in predicting CVD or DM2 disease onset within 5 years, within 10 years, and at any time during follow-up among individuals already at elevated risk and to compare this added value across multiple modeling setups and frameworks.

We used a large, linked dataset of over 58,000 inclusion events from the Extramural Leiden University Medical Center Academic Network data warehouse in the Netherlands, combining structured coded diagnosis and medication records from general practitioners with individual-level socioeconomic data from Statistics Netherlands. Individuals aged 30 years and older without prior DM2 or CVD were followed to assess disease progression. We trained Cox proportional hazards (CPH) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models to predict progression to DM2 or CVD within 5 and 10 years and overall. All analyses were performed using the R programming language. Experiments included comparisons of Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation 2, CPH, and XGBoost models; evaluation of time-bound and survival-based formulations; and quantification of SDOH impact using feature subset XGBoost models and Shapley additive explanations (SHAP)-based importance.

For the 5-year prediction of CVD or DM2, the combined XGBoost model using biomedical and SDOH predictors achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.738, significantly outperforming the biomedical-only model (AUC=0.728; P=.01) and the SDOH-only model (AUC=0.691; P<.001). For 10-year CVD prediction, XGBoost achieved an AUC of 0.729, outperforming CPH (AUC=0.718; P=.02) and Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation 2 (AUC=0.697; P<.001). For overall event prediction, XGBoost again performed best (AUC=0.719), significantly higher than CPH (AUC=0.704; P<.001). SHAP analyses showed that biomedical predictors contributed most strongly on a per-feature basis, while a subset of SDOH variables, particularly income- and benefit-related indicators, provided complementary predictive signal and ranked among the most influential predictors.

Incorporating SDOH improved the prediction of CVD and DM2 onset in a clinically defined high-risk cohort. Across hundreds of linked predictors, SDOH provided measurable incremental discrimination beyond biomedical risk factors, and income- and benefit-related variables ranked among the most influential features. SHAP analyses indicated that this added value was largely driven by a limited subset of highly informative social predictors. These findings support integrating structured SDOH into clinically actionable risk stratification models.