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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
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Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People
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Exercise training for executive function in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and practice implications.

Afsaneh Jamali1, Shahnaz Shahrbanian1, Raoof Negaresh2

  • 1Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
|July 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Exercise may improve executive function in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Structured, multi-component programs with cognitive challenges and moderate-to-high intensity are most promising, though more research is needed.

Keywords:
Cognitive functionCombined trainingDual-task trainingHigh-intensity exercise

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Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People
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Static Strength Training Method for Type 2 Diabetic Mice
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is linked to cognitive decline, especially executive function deficits.
  • Exercise is a potential intervention, but optimal characteristics for T2DM cognitive benefits are unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review exercise interventions (≥4 weeks) for improving executive function in individuals with T2DM.
  • To identify effective exercise characteristics for cognitive enhancement in T2DM.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 5 databases, identifying 16 studies (11 RCTs) out of 7,641 records.
  • Analysis focused on exercise modality, intensity, and inclusion of cognitive tasks.

Main Results:

  • 63% of studies and 82% of RCTs favored exercise for executive function.
  • Combined aerobic and resistance training showed consistent positive trends.
  • Higher intensity and cognitively engaging tasks were associated with better outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Multi-component exercise (aerobic, resistance, balance, flexibility) at moderate-to-high intensity shows promise for T2DM executive function.
  • Integrating cognitive challenges into exercise may enhance benefits.
  • Methodological heterogeneity limits confidence; further trials are warranted.